Kleopatra VII : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

'''Kleopatra VII''' ''Thea Philopator '', ''Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ'' en [[henc'hresianeg]] (69 kent JK<ref>Walker, p. 129.</ref> – 12 a viz Eost 30 kent JK), anvet peurliesañ '''Kleopatra''' hepken, a oa [[faraon]]ez diwezhañ [[Henegipt]].

 

Diwezhañ ezel eus [[tierniezh ar Btolemed]] e oa, ur familh a orin gresian-ha-makedonian<ref>''Western civilisation:ideas,Politics, and society'', Marvin Perry, Margaret C Jacob, Myrna Chase, James R Jacob p 132 : ”Cleopatra (69- 30 BC), the Greek queen of Egypt, belonged to the Ptolemaic family, the Macedonian Greeks who ruled Egypt during the Hellenistic Age”.</ref><ref>''The Civilization of Rome'', Donald R. Dudley, p 57: ”In Egypt the Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies was the successor to the native Pharaohs, exploiting through a highly organized bureaucracy the great natural resources of the Nile Valley”</ref><ref>''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt''. “,Cleopatra VII was born to Ptolemy XII Auletes (80–57 BCE, ruled 55–51 BCE) and Cleopatra, both parents being Macedonian Greeks."</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt'' by Kathryn Bard, page 488 “ Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks”; Page 687: "During the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent…”</ref><ref>''Cleopatra: A Sourcebook' (Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture), Prudence J. Jones, p 14“They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.”</ref><ref>''Women in Hellenistic Egypt'' by Sarah B. Pomeroy, page 16 “while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class."</ref> a renas [[Henegipt]] goude marv [[Aleksandr Veur]] e-pad ar prantad hellenistek.

 

Goude drouklazh [[Julius Caesar]] e 44 kent JK, e enebas gant [[Marcus Antonius]] ouzh hêr Caesar diouzh al lezenn, [[Augustus|Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus]] (anvet diwezhatoc'h [[Augustus]]). Bet he doe gevelled gant [[Marcus Antonius]], [[Kleopatra Selene II]] hag [[Aleksandr Helios]], hag ur mab all, [[Ptolemaios Filadelfos (Kleopatra)|Ptolemaios Filadelfos]]. Goude bezañ bet trec'het en [[emgann Actium]] gant armeoù Octavianus, Marcus Antonius en em lazhas. Kleopatra en em bersekutas ivez war e lerc'h, flemmet gant un [[naer]] hervez an hengoun, d'an 12 a viz Eost 30 kent JK.<ref>"[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/biography/cleopatra.html Who Was Cleopatra?]", p 2, ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> He mab Caesarion, a oa anvet faraon war lerc'h he marv gant e harperien, met drouklazhet e oa war urzh Octavianus. He rouantelezh a zeuas da vezañ proviñs roman Egipt.

 

Betek hiziv an deiz eo chomet brudet Kleopatra e sevenadur ar C'hornôg. Bevañ a ra c'hoazh he c'houn en oberennoù arz niverus. Gallout a reer menegiñ trajedienn [[William Shakespeare]] ''[[Anton ha Kleopatra]]'', opera [[Jules Massenet]], ''[[Cléopâtre]]','ha film 1963 ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''. E kalz deskrivadurioù e tiskouezer Kleopatra evel un dekenn, hag he darempredoù gant ar wazed c'halloudusañ eus ar bed en he amzer zo kemeret evel prouennoù eus he c'hened. En e ''[[Pensées]]'' e ambann [[Blaise Pascal]] e oa kemmet istor ar bed gant he c'hened : "Fri Kleopatra, ma vije bet berroc'h, dremm ar bed a-bezh a vije bet cheñchet."<ref>''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/bust.html|title The Beauty of Cleopatra]'', University of Chicago</ref>

 

*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/oddnotes/cleoinencaustic/cleopatraencaustic.html John Sartain: On the Antique Portrait of Cleopatra] (1818)

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