Babilonia : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
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Xqbot (kaozeal | degasadennoù) D r2.7.2) (Robot kemmet: sk:Babylonia; Kemm dister |
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'''Babilonia''' a oa ur [[Stad]] e su [[Mezopotamia]], e [[Irak]] modern, a oa dindani tachennoù [[Sumer]] hag [[Akkad]]. Gallout a reer kavout ar c'hentañ meneg eus kêr [[Babilon]] en un dablezenn eus ren [[Sargon Akkad]], bloaziadet eus an XXIII{{vet}} kantved kent J.-K..
== Istor ==
[[Akkad]]iz, ur bobl [[semited|semitek]], a oa deuet abred a-benn da vestroniañ ar vro en-dro da gêr [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]
Da vare ar prantad "nevezsumerian", pe prantad [[Ur-III]], e oa deuet Babilonia da vezañ un dachenn annezet stank gant an [[Amorited]] divroet eus kornôg an [[Eufratez]] o doa graet o annez e norzh Sumer. An Amorited a oa anezho ur bobl semitek all, a oa sellet outañ da gentañ evel maesaerien gantreat hag hep sevenadur gant Akkadiz.
=== Prantad kozh Babilon ===
War-dro 2000 kent J.-K., da-heul drouziwezh tierniezh "[[Ur-III]]" faezhet gant an [[Elam]]ited, [[Amorited]] kornôg an Eufratez a lakas o c'hrabanoù war Vezopotamia, e lec'h ma savjont rouantelezhioù bihan. E-doug a c'hentañ kantved eus ar pezh a anver "Prantad an Amorited", ar geoded-Stad c'halloudusañ e oa [[Isin]], daoust ma teuas [[Shamshi-Adad I]] tost da unvaniñ ar broioù ar muiañ en norzh. Unan eus an tierniezhioù amoritat-se a oa diazezet e keoded-Stad Babilon, a deufe a-benn en diwezh da gemer e greñv war ar re all ha da ziazezañ ar c'hentañ impalaeriezh babilonat, e-pad ar pezh zo anvet Prantad kozh Babilon.
[[
Kêr Babilon a c'hounezas an hegemoniezh war Mezopotamia dindan c'hwec'h rener, [[Hammurabi]] (1780 - 1750 kent J.-K.; deiziadoù diasur-kenañ). Ur rener efedus-kenañ e oa. Skrivañ a reas ur c'hod lezennoù anvet [[Kod Hammurabi]] ha degas ar stabilded d'ar vro goude ur prantad reuz.
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{{main|Kassites}}
The 15th king of the dynasty was [[Samsu-Ditana]], son of Ammisaduqa. He was overthrown following the sack of Babylon in c. 1595 (?) kent J.-K. by the [[Hittites|Hittite]] king [[Mursili I]], and Babylonia was turned over to the [[Kassites]] (Kossaeans) from the mountains of Iran, with whom [[Samsu-Iluna]] had already come into conflict in his 6th year. The Kassite dynasty was founded by Kandis or Gandash of Mari. The Kassites renamed Babylon "''Kar-Duniash''", and their rule lasted for 576 years. With this foreign dominion
===Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Era)===
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In Babylonia, an abundance of [[clay]], and lack of [[Rock (geology)|stone]], led to greater use of [[mudbrick]]; Babylonian temples are massive structures of crude brick, supported by [[buttress]]es, the rain being carried off by drains. One such drain at [[Ur]] was made of lead. The use of brick led to the early development of the [[pilaster]] and column, and of [[fresco]]es and enamelled tiles. The walls were brilliantly coloured, and sometimes plated with [[zinc]] or gold, as well as with tiles. Painted ''[[terra-cotta]]'' cones for torches were also embedded in the plaster.
In Babylonia, in place of the [[bas-relief]], there is greater use of three-dimensional figures in the round
The legendary [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]] and the [[Tower of Babel]] are seen as symbols of luxurious and arrogant power respectively.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
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. The [[MUL.APIN]], contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting [[heliacal rising]]s and the settings of the planets, lengths of daylight measured by a [[water-clock]], [[gnomon]], shadows, and [[intercalation]]s. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Pingree|1998}}<br>{{Harvtxt|Rochberg|2004}}<br>{{Harvtxt|Evans|1998}}</ref>
During the 8th and 7th centuries kent J.-K., Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy. They began studying [[philosophy]] dealing with the ideal nature of the early [[universe]] and began empoying an [[Consistency proof|internal logic]] within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the [[philosophy of science]] and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first '''scientific revolution'''.<ref name=Brown>D. Brown (2000), ''Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology '', Styx Publications, ISBN
In [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]] and [[Parthia]]n times, the astronomical reports were of a thoroughly scientific character; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the [[History of Astronomy#Mesopotamia|history of astronomy]].
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===Medicine===
The oldest Babylonian texts on [[medicine]] date back to the [[First Babylonian Dynasty]] in the first half of the [[2nd millennium kent J.-K.. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the ''Diagnostic Handbook'' written by the physician Esagil-kin-apli of [[Borsippa]],<ref name=Stol-99/> during the reign of the [[List of Kings of Babylon|Babylonian king]] Adad-apla-iddina (1069-1046 kent J.-K.).<ref>Marten Stol (1993), ''Epilepsy in Babylonia'', p. 55, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN
Along with contemporary [[ancient Egyptian medicine]], the Babylonians introduced the concepts of [[diagnosis]], [[prognosis]], [[physical examination]], and [[prescription]]s. In addition, the ''Diagnostic Handbook'' introduced the methods of [[therapy]] and a[[etiology]] and the use of [[empiricism]], [[logic]] and [[rationality]] in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of medical [[symptom]]s and often detailed empirical [[observation]]s along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a [[patient]] with its diagnosis and prognosis.<ref>H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', p. 97-98, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN
The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as [[bandage]]s, [[Cream (pharmaceutical)|cream]]s and [[pill]]s. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on [[exorcism]] to cleanse the patient from any [[curse]]s. Esagil-kin-apli's ''Diagnostic Handbook'' was based on a logical set of [[axiom]]s and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and [[inspection]] of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's [[disease]], its aetiology and future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery.<ref name=Stol-99>H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', p. 99, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN
Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of [[illness]]es and diseases and described their symptoms in his ''Diagnostic Handbook''. These include the symptoms for many varieties of [[epilepsy]] and related [[ailment]]s along with their diagnosis and prognosis.<ref>Marten Stol (1993), ''Epilepsy in Babylonia'', p. 5, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN
===Literature===
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{{reflist}}
== Levrlennadur ==
* Ascalone, Enrico. ''Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; 1)''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007 (paperback, ISBN
* Bryant, Tamera. ''The Life and Times of Hammurabi''.
* Eves, Howard. ''An Introduction to the History of Mathematics''.
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* Spence, Lewis. ''Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria''.
== Liammoù diavaez ==
* [http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/babylon/babylon.html Ar matematik e Babilon]
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html An niveroù e Babilon]
* [http://www.halloran.com/babylon1.htm Babylonian steredouriezh/steredoniezh]
* [http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/babylon/babybibl.htm Levrlennadur eus steredouriezh ha steredoniezh Babilon]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/rbaa.htm ''The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria'' gant Theophilus G. Pinches (kalz anvioù doueed zo lennet mod all bremañ, met an oberenn eus 1906 zo un oberenn glasel)]
* [http://encyclopedia-online.info/Chronology_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria Kronologiezh Babilonia hag Asiria]
* The History Files [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainFeaturesMesopotamia.htm Mezopotamia gozh]
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BM530xK531l/ Mojennoù Babilon hag Egipt liammet ouzh an hengoun Hebraek], gant Leonard W. King, 1918 ''(ur facsimile e levraouegoù skol-veur Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BM530xK531l/1f/legends_of_babylon_and_egypt.pdf stumm PDF])''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/ Mojennoù babiloniat ar c'heneliezh] hag ar c'hann etre Bel hag an aerouant, evel m'en danevell tablezennoù asirian eus Nineveh, 1921 ''(ur facsimile e levraouegoù skol-veur Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/1f/babylonian_legends_of_creation.pdf Stumm PDF])''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS71xJ39C/ The civilisations of Babylonia and Assyria]; ''it remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature'', gant Morris Jastrow, Jr. ... gant kartennoù ha 164 skeudenn, 1915 ''(ur facsimile e levraouegoù skol-veur Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS71xJ39C/1f/civilization_of_babylonia_and_assyria.pdf Stumm PDF])''
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