Yezhoù salichek : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
lañs
 
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
kendalc'h
Linenn 5:
{{LabourAChom}}
 
Ur [[familh-yezhoù]] eo ar '''yezhoù salichek''' komzet e kornôg [[Kanada]] ha gwalarn ar [[Stadoù Unanet]].
The '''Salishan''' (also '''Salish''') languages are a group of languages of western [[Canada]] and the [[Pacific Northwest]] of the [[United States]]. They are characterised by [[agglutinative|agglutinativity]] and astonishing [[consonant]] clusters—for instance the [[Nuxálk language|Nuxálk]] word {{Unicode|''xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓''}} (IPA: {{IPA|[xɬp’χʷɬtɬpɬːskʷʦ’]}}) meaning 'he had had a bunchberry plant' has 13 consonants in a row with no vowels.
[[Image:Salishan_langs.png|thumb|distribution of Salishan languages <small>(in red)</small>]]
 
[[Image:Salishan_langs.png|thumb|distributionTakad ofar Salishanyezhoù languages <small>(in red)</small>salichek]]
The terms ''Salish'' and ''Salishan'' are used interchangeably by Salishan linguists and anthropologists. Many languages do not have self-designations and instead have specific names for local dialects as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations.
 
[[Yezh en arvar|Yezhoù en arvar]] da vont da get eo an holl yezhoù er familh-se, rak komzet e vez lod anezhe gant 3 pe 4 den nemetken hag ouzhpenn 60 vloaz eo an darn vrasañ eus an dud a ra gante.
All Salishan languages are [[endangered language|endangered]] &mdash; some extremely so with only 3 or 4 speakers left. Practically all languages only have speakers who are over 60 years of age, and many languages only have speakers over 80.
 
Setu penaos e vez isrannet peurliesañ an 23 [[yezh]] er familh-mañ:
==Family division==
 
==Yezhoù salichek==
The Salishan language family consists of 23 languages. Below is list of Salishan languages, dialects, and sub-dialects. This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. Many Salishan groups consider their variety of speech to be a separate language rather a [[dialect]].
 
I. ''Bellakouleg'' (Bella Coola'')
: 1. '''[[Nuxálk language|NuxálkNuxalkeg]]''' (a.k.a.pe Bella Coola, Salmon River)
::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[KimsquitKimskwiteg]]</span>
::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[Bella CoolaBellakouleg]]</span>
::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[KwatnaKwatneg]]</span>
::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[TallheoTallheg]]</span>
 
II. ''CoastYezhoù Salishsalickek an arvor''
 
: A. Yezhoù salickek an arvor-kreiz (pe Yezhoù salickek ar c'hreiz)
: A. Central Coast Salish (a.k.a. Central Salish)
:: 2. '''[[Comoxkomoxeg]]'''
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[ComoxKomoxeg]] (a.k.a.pe Q’ómox̣ʷs)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SliammonSliammoneg]] (HomalcoHomalkoeg-KlahooseKlahooseg-SliammonSliammoneg) (a.k.a.pe ʔayʔaǰúθəm)</span>
:: 3. '''[[HalkomelemHalkomelemeg]]'''
::: <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">Island (a.k.a.pe Hul’q̱’umi’num’, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[CowichanKowitchaneg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[NanaimoNanaimoeg]]</span>
::: <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">DownriverDownrivereg (a.k.a.pe Hunq’umʔiʔnumʔ)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[KatzieKatzieg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[KwantlenKwantleneg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[MusqueamMuskweameg]]</span>
::: <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">UpriverUprivereg (a.k.a.pe Upper Stalo, Halq’əméyləm)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[ChehalisTchehaliseg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[ChilliwackTchilliwakeg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[Tait]]</span>
:: 4. '''[[LushootseedLuchoutsideg]]''' (a.k.a.pe PugetSalicheg SalishPuget, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid)
::: <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">NorthernYezh an norzh</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[Skagit (language)|SkagitSkagiteg]] (a.k.a.pe Skaǰət)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[Snohomish (tribe)|SnohomishSnohomicheg]] (a.k.a.pe Sduhubš)</span>
::: <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">SouthernYezh ar su</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[DuwamishDouwamicheg-SuquamishSoukwamicheg]] (a.k.a.pe Dxʷduʔabš)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[PuyallupPouyalloupeg]] (a.k.a. Spuyaləpubš)</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[NisquallyNiskwallyeg]] (a.k.a.pe Sqʷaliʔabš)</span>
:: 5. '''[[Nooksack (tribe)|NooksackNouksakeg]]''' (a.k.a.pe ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) ''(†)''
:: 6. '''[[PentlatchPentlatcheg]]''' (a.k.a.pe Pənƛ̕áč) ''(†)''
:: 7. '''[[SecheltSetchelteg]]''' (a.k.a.pe Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm)
:: 8. '''[[SquamishSkwamicheg]]''' (a.k.a.pe Sqwxwu7mish, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)
:: i. StraitsYezhoù Salishsalicheg groupar strizhvor (a.k.a.pe Straits)
::: 9. '''[[Klallam language|KlallamKlallamek]]''' (a.k.a.pe Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">Yezh Bae Becher Bay</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">EasternYezh ar reter </span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">WesternYezh ar c'hornôg</span>
::: 10. '''[[NorthernYezh Straits]]hantrenoz ar strizhvor''' (a.k.a.pe Straits)
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[LummiLummieg]] (a.k.a.pe Xwlemi’chosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) ''(†)''</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SaanichSaanitcheg]] (a.k.a.pe SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən)</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SamishSamicheg]] (a.k.a.pe Siʔneməš)</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SemaihmooSemaihmoueg]] (a.k.a.pe Tah-tu-lo) ''(†)''</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SookeSoukeg]] (a.k.a.pe T’sou-ke, c̓awk) ''(†)''</span>
::::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[SongheesSonghiseg]] (a.k.a.pe Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) ''(†)''</span>
:: 11. '''[[TwanaTwanaeg]]''' (a.k.a.pe SkokomishSkokomicheg, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) ''(†)''
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[QuilceneKwilkeneg]]</span>
:::* <span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.3em;">[[Skokomish (tribe)|SkokomishSkokomicheg]] (a.k.a.pe Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)</span>
 
: B. Tsamosan (a.k.a. Olympic)
Linenn 143 ⟶ 142:
Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, and Tillamook are now [[extinct language|extinct]]. Additionally, the Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees, and Sooke dialects of Northern Straits are also extinct.
 
==Genetic relations==
 
It has been proposed that the Salishan languages may be related to [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] and [[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]] languages in a hypothetical [[Mosan]] family. There have also been efforts to relate the [[language isolate]] [[Kootenai (tribe)|Kutenai]] (Kootenai) to Mosan.
 
==Family features==
 
* generalized sound system
* post-velar [[vowel harmony|harmony]]
* syllables
* [[reduplication]]
* noncontenation ([[infix]], [[metathesis]], [[glottalization]])
* control
* tenselessness
* nounlessness controversy
 
 
==ExternalLiammoù linkdiavaez:==
 
* [http://www.ydli.org/biblios/salbib.htm Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages] <small>(YDLI)</small>
* [http://grizzly.umt.edu/ling/umopl/titles.htm University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL)] <small>(Native languages of the Northwest)</small>
* [http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/salish-rev.htm Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography]
* [http://collections.ic.gc.ca/salish/ph2/trad/salish.htm Coast Salish Collections]
* [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/salishan/icsnl.htm International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages]
* [http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/salishan.html The Salishan Studies List] <small>(Linguist List)</small>
* [http://www.umt.edu/ling/resources/ConsRes.htm Okanagan language resources] <small>(includes sound files)</small>
* [http://www.sfu.ca/halk-ethnobiology/ Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem]
* [http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Saanich/ Saanich] <small>(Timothy Montler's site)</small>
* [http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Klallam/index.htm Klallam] <small>(Timothy Montler's site)</small>
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91083 ''Ethnologue classification for Salishan'']
* [http://www.lib.montana.edu/~bcoon/nwcst.html A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91083 Ethnologue classification for Salishan]