|
Lâret e vez emañ '''en arvar'' ur [[yezh]] pa van nebeut-tre a tud barrek warni ha pa ne vez ket desket ken gant ar vugale evel yezh kentañ.
An '''endangered language''' is a [[language]] with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use.
Evit goût hag-eñ emañ en arvar ur yezh bennaket da vont da get e telc'her kont eus sifroù evel ar re-mañ:
==Identifying endangered languages==
While there is no definite threshold for identifying a language as endangered, three main criteria are used as guidelines:
# The number of speakers currently living.
# The mean age of native and/or fluent speakers.
# The percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency with the language in question.
# An niver a gomzerion (tud a ra ganti ha tud barrek warni);
For example, [[Ainu people|Ainu]] is endangered in Japan, with only approximately 300 surviving native speakers, only 15 of which use the language actively, and few youth acquiring fluency in it. A language might also be declared as endangered if it has 100 speakers, but the speakers are all over the age of 90, and no youth are learning the language.
# Aod an darn-vrasañ eus ar gomzerion;
# An dregantad a dud yaouank a vez desket hag implijet ar yezh-se gante.
Da skwer, en arvar emañ an [[ainoueg]]dre ma ne van nemet tro-dro da 300den en holl barrek warni evel yezh kentañ hag en o zouez n'eus nemet 15 bennaket a ra gantañ evel yezh-boas.
Some languages, such as those in [[Indonesia]] may have tens of thousands of speakers but be endangered because children are no longer learning them, or speakers are in the process of shifting to using the [[national language]] [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (or a local [[Malay language|Malay]] variety) in place of local languages.
D'an tu all avat ez eus yezhoù evel re [[Indonezia]] a vez komzet gant meur a degad a viloù a dud met en arvar emaint evelatao abalamour ma ne ra ket ar re yaouank gante ken, met kentoc'h gant ar yezh vroadel, an [[indonezeg]].
In contrast, a language with only 100 speakers might be considered very much alive if it is the primary language of a community, and is the first (or only) language of all children in that community.
Ha koulskoude ez eus yezhoù gant nebeutoc'h a 100 den a ra gante hag a zo bev-buhezik c'hoazh rak yezh kentañ an dud ez int ha kelennet e vezont gant an darn vrasañ eus ar vugale.
==Un nebeut skwerioù==
*[[Kouroneg]] (''kourcheg'')
*[[Curonian language|Curonian (Kursh) language]]
*[[Ainu language|AinuAinoueg]]
*[[Livoneg]]
*[[Livonian language|Livonian]]
*[[Sami languagesSamieg]]
*[[Sorbian languagesSorbeg]]
*[[Oudmourt]]
*[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
*An darn vrasañ eus ar yezhoù e [[Norzh Amerika]] a rae gante ar pobloù-orin (estreget an [[tslagieg]] pe an [[navac'hoeg]]).
*[[Manchu language|Manchu]]
*[[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]
*Most [[Native American]] languages in the US and Canada are endangered, if not outright extinct. A few languages are exceptions like [[Navajo language|Navajo]] or [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]].
* [http://www.terralingua.org/ Terralingua]
* [http://www.terralingua.org/Bibliographies/BiblioMIT.htm Bibliography on language endangerment & preservation] (MIT working papers)
* [http://www.ydli.org/biblios/endlabib.htm Bibliography of Materials on Endangered Languages] (YDLI)
*[http://www.rosettaproject.org/live Rosetta Project]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/nearly_extinct.asp SIL's list of endangered languages]
* [http://wwwsapir.ling.helsinkiyale.fiedu/~tasalminelf/endangeredindex.html ListsLec'hienn ofdiwar-benn manyar endangeredyezhoù Eurasianen languagesarvar]
* [http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ichel/ichel.html TheLec'hienn Internationaletrebroadel Clearingevit Housear foryezhoù Endangereden Languagesarvar] ▼* [http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/rf.html Minority languages in a society in turmoil: The case of the northern languages of the Russian Federation]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/ Yezhoù pobloù-orin Amerika]
*[http://emeld.org Electronic Metadata for Endangered Language Documentation]
* [http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm FoundationLec'hienn forar EndangeredSavadur Languagesevit ar Yezhoù en Arvar] ▼* [http://wings.buffalo.edu/linguistics/ssila/learning.stm Learning Aids] (SSILA)
* [http://sapir.ling.yale.edu/~elf/index.html The Endangered Language Fund]
▲* [http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ichel/ichel.html The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages]
* [http://www.ahalenia.com/iws/ Intertribal Wordpath Society]
* [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Philosophy/CTLL/el.html Conservation of Endangered Languages: CTLL Seminar]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/ Native Languages of the Americas: Preserving and promoting American Indian languages]
▲* [http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm Foundation for Endangered Languages]
* [http://www.latrobe.edu.au/linguistics/stlapolla_data/PublicationItems/Papers/el.html Handout on Endangered Languages]
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Endangered_Lang_Conf/Endangered_Lang.html Endangered Languages, Endangered Knowledge, Endangered Environments]
* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Language%20data/Endangered%20languages.htm Roger Blench: Endangered languages]
*[http://www.deitscherei.org Deitscherei.org - For the Pennsylvania German Way of Life]
[[en:Endangered language]]
| 