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Lizherenneg hebraek : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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{{Lizherenneg}}
Div lizherenn warn-ugent zo el '''[[lizherenneg]] hebraek'''. Implijet eo evit skrivañ meur a yezh komzet gant ar yuzevion, dreist-holl an [[hebraeg]] met ivez ar [[yidicheg]], al [[ladinoeg]] hag ar [[yuzev-arabeg]]. Klasket ez eus bet, met en aner, skrivañ an hebraeg gant lizherennoù latinek en [[Israel]]. Skrivet e vez a dehou da gleiz.
Linenn 163 ⟶ 162:
 
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* Historically, the consonants ב ''bet'', ג ''gimel'', ד ''dalet'', כ ''kaf'', פ ''pe'', and ת ''tav'' each had two sounds: one hard ([[plosive consonant]]), and one soft ([[fricative consonant]]), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called ''[[dagesh]]'' (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a ''dagesh''. In [[masoretic]] manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter; this diacritical mark is called ''raphe'' (רפה), but its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.
* א ''alef'', ה ''he'', ו ''vav'' and י ''yod'' are consonants that can sometimes fill the position of a vowel. ''vav'' and ''yod'' in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.
* ש ''shin'' and ''sin'' are two separate [[phoneme]]s written with the same letter. They are not mutually [[allophony|allophonic]]. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a ''shin-dot'' or ''sin-dot''; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
* In [[Israel]]'s general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
** א ''alef'' with ''ayin'' and (varyingly) ה ''he''
** ב ''bet'' (without ''dagesh'') with ו ''vav''
** ח ''het'' with כ ''kaf'' (without ''dagesh'')
** ט ''tet'' with ת ''tav'' (both with and without dagesh)
** כ ''kaf'' (with ''dagesh'') with ק ''qof''
** ס ''samekh'' with שׂ ''sin'' (but not with שׁ ''shin'')
** צ ''tsadi'' with the consonant cluster תס ''tav-samekh''
 
=== Vowel formation ===
 
Some of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as ''matres lectionis'' to represent vowels, as follows:
 
{|{{prettytable}}
|-
!Symbol!!Name!!Vowel formation
|-
| align="center" style="font-size:200%"|א
|| alef
|| ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
|-
| align="center" style="font-size:200%"|ה
|| he
|| ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
|-
| align="center" style="font-size:200%"|ו
|| vav
|| ô, û
|-
| align="center" style="font-size:200%"|י
|| yod
|| î, ê, ệ
|}
 
=== Ancient Hebrew ===
 
Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of [[Ancient Hebrew]]. The six consonants /p t k b d g/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHaT letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [p t k b d g] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as [[fricative]]s [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — [f θ x v ð ɣ]}} when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the ''dagesh''. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g], and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three letters show variation.
 
ו ''vav'' was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).
 
ח ''het'' and ע ''ayin'' were [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] [[fricative consonant|fricatives]], צ ''tsadi'' was an [[emphatic consonant|emphatic]] /s/, ט ''tet'' was an emphatic /t/, and ק ''qof'' was /q/. All these are common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[consonant]]s.
 
שׂ ''sin'' (the /s/ variant of ש ''shin'') was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס ''samekh'', but had become /s/ the same as ס ''samekh'' by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of [[cognate]]s with other [[Semitic language]]s, this phoneme is known to have originally been a [[lateral consonant]], most likely /ɬ/ pe /tɬ/.
 
== Gwelet ivez: ==
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