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Amrenererezh : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''amraganvelezhamrenererezh''' ([[saozneg|saoz.]]: ''pro-drop'', diwarnull subject''pronoun-dropping'', "argas raganv") evit komz eus arun feddoare [[amraganvelezh]] ma c'heller sevel frazennoù reizh e [[Yezh|yezhoù]] zo hepdre implijoutargas ar [[raganvioù]] oc'h ober daver da [[rener]] ar frazenn e degouezhioù resis zo, peurliesañ pa c'heller kompren da beseurt [[Anv-kadarn|anv]] e ra dave ar frazenna-drugarez dreda dielfennañverkoù ar c'henarroud pe dre merkoù yezhadurel[[Morfologiezh|morfologel]] all, ,dreist-holl da skouer displegadur ar [[verb]].
 
Amrenererek e c'hell bezañ ar brezhoneg en holl degouezhioù ma n'eo ket ezhomm pouezañ a-ratozh-kaer war rener ar frazenn, da skouer:
Un nebeud yezhoù a zo damamraganvelek nemetken, da lâret eo n'heller argas nemet ar raganv pa ra dave da [[rener]] ar frazen. [[Amrenererezh|Yezhoù amrenerel]] (saoz. ''null subject languages'') a vez graet eus ar re-mañ, en o zouez meur a yezh romanek evel ar [[spagnoleg]], an [[italianeg]], an [[okitaneg]], ar [[Katalaneg|c'hatalaneg]], ar [[portugaleg]], hag ar [[roumaneg]] met n'eo ket ar [[galleg]].
 
:"Kanañ a ran[-me]"
In [[linguistic typology]], a '''null subject language''' is a [[language]] whose [[grammar]] permits an [[independent clause]] to lack an explicit [[subject (grammar)|subject]]. Such a clause is then said to have a '''null subject'''.
:"Amañ e c'hortozez[-te]"
 
Kemmañ a ra amrenererezh ar frazenn hervez ar struktur yezhoniel resis e brezhoneg. E yezhoù all, avat, evel an darn vrasañ eus ar [[yezhoù romanek]] eo diliamm an amrenererezh diouzh struktur yezhadurel resis ar frazenn. Da skouer en [[italianeg]]:
For example, in [[Italian language|Italian]]:
 
:''Maria non vuole mangiare.''
:"''Maria'' doesne notfell wantket todezhi eatdebriñ."
 
:''Non vuole mangiare.''
:"[She]Ne doesfell notket want to[dezhi] eatdebriñ."
 
En eil frazenn e rankfer ober dre ret gant ur raganav personel en ur yezh hep amrenererezh evel, da skouer ar [[aozneg]]:
In the second sentence in Italian the subject (''She'') is implied. [[English language|English]], on the other hand, requires an explicit subject in this sentence.
 
:'''''She''''' doesn't want to eat''
Of the thousands of languages in the world, a considerable part are null subject languages, from a wide diversity of unrelated [[language family|language families]]. Null subject languages include [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], as well as most of these languages' relatives, and many others besides.
 
==Characterization==
In the framework of [[government and binding theory]] of [[syntax]], the term '''null subject''' refers to an [[empty category]]. The empty category in question is thought to behave like an ordinary [[pronoun]] with respect to [[anaphora (linguistics)|anaphoric reference]] and other grammatical behavior. Hence it is most commonly referred to as "''pro''".
 
Kavet e vez an amrenererezh meur a yezh dre ar bed diliamm an eil re diouzh ar re all, en o zouez ar [[spagnoleg]], ar [[hindeg]], an [[arabeg]], ar [[sinaeg]] hag ar [[japaneg]].
This phenomenon is similar, but not identical, to that of [[pro-drop language]]s, which may omit pronouns, including subject pronouns, but also [[object (grammar)|object]] pronouns. While pro-drop languages are null subject languages, not all null subject languages are pro-drop.
 
In null subject languages that have [[verb]] [[inflection]] in which the verb inflects for person, the [[grammatical person]] of the subject is reflected by the inflection of the verb, and likewise for [[grammatical number|number]] and [[grammatical gender|gender]].
 
==Examples==
The following examples come from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]:
 
*"I'm going home" can be translated either as ''Vou para casa'' or as ''Eu vou para casa'', where ''eu'' means "I".
*"It's raining" can be translated as ''Está a chover'', but ''not'' generally as ''*Ele está a chover'', where ''ele'' would correspond to English ''it''.
*"I'm going home. I'm going to watch TV" would only in exceptional circumstances be translated as ?''Eu vou para casa. Eu vou ver televisão.'' At least the subject of the second sentence should be omitted, unless one wishes to express emphasis, as in "[I don't care what you are doing,] ''I'' am going home to watch TV."
 
As the examples illustrate, in many null subject languages, [[personal pronoun]]s exist, and they can be used for [[emphasis]], but are dropped whenever they can be inferred from the context. Some sentences do not allow a subject in any form, while in other cases an explicit subject without particular emphasis would sound awkward or unnatural.
 
[[Japanese language|Japanese]] and several other null subject languages are [[topic-prominent language]]s: they require an expressed [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] in order for sentences to make sense. In Japanese, for instance, it is possible to start a sentence with a topic marked by the particle ''wa''. In subsequent sentences the topic can then be left unstated and understood to remain the same, until another one is explicitly introduced. For example, in the second sentence below, the subject ("we") is not expressed again but left implicit:
 
{| style="text-align:center"
! Transliteration
| Watashitachi ''wa'' || kaimono ''o'' || shita. || Ato ''de'' || gohan ''o'' || tabeta.
|-
! Literal translation
| We ''(TOPIC)'' || shopping ''(OBJ)'' || did. || After ''(COMPL)'' || dinner ''(OBJ)'' || ate.
|-
! Idiomatic translation
|colspan="6" | "We went shopping. After that, we ate dinner."
|}
 
==Impersonal constructions==
In some cases (impersonal constructions), a proposition has no [[referent]] at all. Pro-drop languages deal naturally with these, whereas many non-pro-drop languages such as English and French have to fill in the syntactic gap by inserting a [[dummy pronoun]]. "''*Rains''" is not a correct sentence; a dummy "it" has to be added: ''It rains.'' In most Romance languages, however, "''Rains''" can be a sentence: Spanish "''Llueve''", Italian "''Piove''", Catalan "''Plou''", Portuguese "''Chove''", etc.
 
There are some languages that are not pro-drop but do not require this syntactic gap to be filled. $CHANGE TO GREEK For example, in [[Esperanto]], "He made the cake" would translate as ''Li faris la kukon'' (never ''*Faris la kukon''), but ''It rained yesterday'' would be ''Pluvis hieraŭ'' (not ''*Ĝi pluvis hieraŭ'').
 
==Gwelit ivez==
==Null subjects in non-null subject languages==
Other languages (sometimes called non-null subject languages) require each sentence to include a subject — this is the case for most [[Germanic languages]], such as [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]], but also in [[French language|French]], a [[Romance languages|romance language]], and many others. Even in these languages it is sometimes possible to omit the subject, although contextual clues are usually necessary.
:"''Bumped into George this morning.''" (I)
:"''Agreed to have a snifter to catch up on old times.''" (We)
:"''Told me what the two of you had been up to.''" (He)
:"''Went down to Brighton for the weekend?''" (You)
 
Further, it is very common for [[Imperative mood|imperative]] clauses to lack explicit subjects even in non-null subject languages. The implicit subject is then ''you''. For example, in English:
 
:"Take a break; you're working too hard."
:"Shut up!"
 
 
 
==See also==
*[[Amraganvelezh]]
*[[Anaforiezh]]
 
 
[[Rummad:Yezhoniezh]]
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