War tachenn ar [[Morfologiezh|vorfologiezh]] e talvez an termen '''lemma''' kement ha stumm diazez ur [[leksem]], oc'h ober dave an termen "leksem" amañ da hollad ar stummoù pe furmoù gante an hevelep ster diazez. Al '''lemma''' eo ar stumm dibabet dre voaz evit ober dave d'an holl leksemoù-se, da skouer "kanañ" eo ul lemma e brezhoneg rak talvezout a ra an anvioù-verb e brezhoneg evit ober dave da holl stumooù displeget ur [[verb]], da skouer al leksemoù "kanan", "kan", "kanfomp"... Klotaat ar ra peurliesañ al lemma en degouezhioù-mañ gant ar [[Kelf (yezhoniezh)|c'helf]] ha gallout a reont klotaat ivez gant ar [[Gwrizienn (yezhoniezh)|wrizienn]], met n'eo ket ret nag an eil nag egile. [[Heñvelster]]: "[[Stumm-meneg (yezhoniezh)|''Stumm-meneg'']]'" ([[Saozneg|saoz.]] ''citation form'' pe ''canonical form'').
In English, the citation form of a [[noun]] is the [[grammatical number|singular]]: e.g. ''mouse'' rather than ''mice''. For multi-word lexemes which contain [[possessive adjective]]s or [[reflexive pronoun]]s, the citation form uses a form of the [[indefinite pronoun]] ''one'': e.g. ''do one's best'', ''perjure oneself''. In languages with [[grammatical gender]], the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language additionally has [[grammatical case|cases]], the citation form is often the masculine singular nominative.
In many languages, the citation form of a [[verb]] is the [[infinitive]]: French ''aller'', German ''gehen''. In English we can use either the bare infinitive ''go'' or the full infinitive ''to go''. In Latin and Greek, however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also be seen. (For [[Ancient_Greek_grammar#Contracted verbs|contracted verbs]] in Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel, e.g. φιλέω ''philéō'' for φιλῶ ''philō'' "I love implying affection"; αγαπάω ''agapáō'' for αγαπῶ ''agapō'' "I love implying regard").
In Arabic, which has no infinitives, the third person singular of the past tense is the least-marked form, and is used for entries in modern dictionaries. In older dictionaries, which are still commonly used today, the [[triliteral]] of the word, either a verb or a noun, is used. Hebrew often uses the 3rd person masculine ''qal'' perfect, e.g. ברא ''bara' '' create, כפר ''kaphar'' cover. For Korean, ''-da'' is attached to the stem.
In a dictionary, the lemma "go" represents the inflected forms "go", "goes", "going", "went", and "gone". The relationship between an inflected form and its lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g. "went" < "go". The disadvantage of such simplifications is, of course, the inability to look up a declined or conjugated form of the word, although some dictionaries, like [[Webster's dictionary|Webster's]], will list "went". Multilingual dictionaries vary in how they deal with this issue: the Langenscheidt dictionary of German does not list ''ging'' (< ''gehen''); the Cassell does.
The form that is chosen to be the lemma is usually the least [[markedness|marked]] form. There are significant exceptions; e.g. in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the dictionaries lists verbs not under the verb root, but under the first infinitive marked with ''-(t)a'', ''-(t)ä''.
Lemmas are used often in [[corpus linguistics]] for determining word frequency. In such usage the specific definition of "lemma" is flexible depending on the task it is being used for.
==Predyezhoniezh==
* [[Gwrizienn (yezhoniezh)]]
* [[Kelf (yezhoniezh)]]
* [[Stumm-meneg (yezhoniezh)]]Stumm-meneg]]
* [[Morfologiezh]]
* [[Kenger]]
|