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'''Orion''' (Ὠρίων / ''Ôríon'' e [[henc'hresianeg|gregach]]) a zo ur [[Ramz]] e mojennoù kozh [[Hellaz kozh]], un hemolc'her meur, lakaet e-touez ar stered.
== Ganedigezh ==
Graet en doa Orion e soñj da lazhañ Oenopion, met savet e oa bet ur c'hreñvlec'h dindan zouar dezhañ gant Hefaistos, gant-se n'halle ket kavout ar roue. Mont a reas neuze da z-[[Delos]], ma kavas ur serc'h all, [[Eos]].
==Pennadoù kar==
*[[Orion (steredeg)]]
<!-- == Son premier amour et conséquences ==
C'est comme cela qu'il gagna l'île de [[Chios]]. Il fut accueilli à la cour d'[[Œnopion]] qui régnait sur Chios, et là Orion tomba amoureux de [[Mérope (Chios)|Mérope]] la fille du roi. Œnopion voulait se débarrasser de ce prétendant encombrant. Il décida donc de promettre la main de sa fille à Orion, à condition que celui-ci débarrassa Chios de tous les fauves qui s'attaquaient aux hommes et aux troupeaux ! Le roi était persuadé que celui-ci n'y parviendrait pas. Mais Orion était un excellent chasseur et n'eut aucun mal à remplir ladite condition . Lorsqu'il revint demander la main de Mérope, Œnopion renia ses promesses, l'amoureux se fâcha et saccagea le palais. Celui-ci fut ligoté tant bien que mal par l'armée lancée par le roi.
Pour le punir, Œnopion l'aveugla et l'abandonna sur le rivage. Orion marcha alors droit devant lui à travers la mer jusqu'à l'île de [[Lemnos]] et fut attiré par les forges d'[[Héphaistos]] qui accepta de lui prêter [[Cédalion]], son assistant. Le géant guidé par l'enfant rentra dans la mer et marcha vers l'est face au soleil. Pendant sa marche, celui-ci retrouva miraculeusement la vue.
== Rencontre avec [[Artémis]] et mort d'Orion ==
[[Image:Uranometria_orion.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Image d'Orion représenté dans le ciel]]
Il retourna à l'île de Chios pour se venger d'Oenopion, mais Artémis lui demanda d'oublier sa vengeance et lui proposa de chasser avec elle. Mais le frère d'Artémis, [[Apollon]], qui avait quelques craintes pour sa sœur, envoya un monstrueux scorpion à sa poursuite. Orion tenta de le combattre mais il n'y parvint pas. Pour échapper au monstre, il s'enfonça dans la mer qui formait une barricade naturelle. Alors Apollon désigna le géant et dit à Artémis de le tuer, le faisant passer pour un méchant. Comme le chasseur était trop loin, Artémis ne put le reconnaître et lui lança donc une flèche. Elle alla à la nage récupérer le cadavre, mais lorsqu'elle s'aperçut que c'était Orion, elle plaça son image parmi les étoiles en compagnie de son chien, Sirius…
C'est pour cela que les constellations de [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] et du [[Grand Chien]] (qui compte l'étoile [[Sirius]], l'astre le plus brillant du ciel en dehors des éléments du système solaire) sont proches l'une de l'autre, et que le [[Scorpion (constellation)|Scorpion]] fut placé de l'autre côté sur la voûte céleste, le héros et le monstre se poursuivant sans cesse sans jamais se rattraper…
=== Autre version de la mort d'Orion ===
Une autre version de la mort d'Orion existe : fort de ses talents exceptionnels de chasseur, Orion ne cessait de se vanter de ses prouesses. Cette arrogance déplut fortement à [[Héra]] qui, pour donner une leçon d'humilité à Orion, commanda à un scorpion de s'embusquer en attendant le passage du chasseur. Dissimulé par les feuillages, le scorpion patienta et le moment venu il piqua Orion qui mourut foudroyé par le venin de ce petit animal, lui qui avait terrassé les bêtes les plus féroces. Il fut transformé en constellation, mais Héra n'oublia pas de porter également au ciel le [[Scorpion (constellation)|scorpion]] qui l'avait si loyalement servie pour que le combat continue. Mais Zeus intervint et fit en sorte qu'Orion et le Scorpion ne puissent jamais s'atteindre ; c'est pour cela que lorsqu'Orion se lève à l'horizon Est, le Scorpion se couche à l'horizon Ouest.
== Liens externes ==
* [http://grenier2clio.free.fr/grec/orion.htm Le Grenier de Clio - Article sur Orion]
[[Image:Uranometria orion.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An engraving of Orion from [[Johann Bayer]]'s [[Uranometria]], 1603 ([[United States Naval Observatory|US Naval Observatory]] Library)]]
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Orion''' was traditionally a great huntsman, who was set amongst the stars as the [[constellation]] called [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. He is also described as a great hunter in the [[Odyssey]], when [[Odysseus]] meets him in the [[underworld]]. The bare bones of his story are told by the Hellenistic and Roman collectors of myths, but there is no record of an ''Orion'', comparable to the [[Argonautica]] or Euripides' ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' for [[Jason]]. The remaining fragments of legend, recorded in different sources, and connected with different islands, have provided a fertile field for speculation about the prehistory of Greek myth.
The ancient sources vary in what they include; but the major incidents in the myth of Orion are his birth, somewhere in [[Boeotia]]; his visit to Chios, where he met Merope, and was blinded by her father Oenopion; his recovery of his sight, connected with Lemnos; his hunting with Artemis, on Crete; his death, killed by Artemis or by the giant scorpion which became [[Scorpius|Scorpio]]; and his elevation to the heavens.
==Legends==
Orion is mentioned in the oldest surviving Greek literature. In the [[Iliad]], Orion is mentioned as a constellation, and [[Sirius]] as his dog.<ref>Il.[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Il.+18.388 Σ 486-9], on the shield of Achilles, and [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Il.+22.1 Χ 29], respectively. </ref> In the [[Odyssey]], [[Odysseus|Ulysses]] sees him hunting in the Underworld, a great slayer of animals, with a bronze club; but he is also mentioned as a constellation, as the lover of the [[Eos|Goddess Dawn]] - slain by [[Artemis]]; and as the most handsome of the earthborn.<ref>λ 572-7 (as a hunter); ε 273-5, as a constellation (= Σ 487-9); ε 121-4; λ 572-7; λ 309-10</ref> In the ''[[Works and Days]]'' of [[Hesiod]], Orion is also a constellation, one of those by whose rising and setting with the sun the year is reckoned.<ref>ll. 598, 623</ref>
[[Image:Diane auprès du cadavre d'Orion.jpg|thumb|300px|A 1685 painting of Diana over Orion's corpse, before he is placed in the heavens.]]
The legend of Orion was first told in full in Hesiod's ''Astronomy''. This no longer exists, but a Hellenistic writer on the constellations has given a fairly long summary.<ref> [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]''; translation in {{gutenberg|no=348|name=Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica by Hesiod|author=Evelyn-White, Hugh G.|year=1914}} Whether these works are actually by Hesiod and Eratosthenes themselves is doubtful.</ref> According to this, Orion was the son of [[Poseidon]] and [[Euryale]], daughter of [[Minos]]. He could walk on the waves, and came to Chios, where he got drunk and attacked [[Merope]], daughter of [[Oenopion]], who blinded him and drove him out. He then came to [[Lemnos]], where [[Hephaestus]] told [[Cedalion]], Hephaestus' servant, to guide him to the uttermost East, where [[Helios]] healed him; Orion carried Cedalion around on his shoulders. Orion then returned to punish Oenopion, but he hid away underground. Orion then went to [[Crete]] and hunted with [[Artemis]] and [[Leto]]; he threatened to kill every beast on Earth. Earth objected, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him instead. After his death, [[Zeus]] placed Orion (and the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]]) among the constellations.
A second (and even shorter) full telling was in a Roman-era collection of myths, dependent largely on [[Pherecydes of Leros]], which describes Orion as earthborn and of enormous stature (although it also mentions Poseidon and Euryale). It adds a first marriage to [[Side]] before Merope; [[Hera]] threw her into Hades for rivalling herself in beauty. It also has different death story: as in Homer, [[Eos]], the Dawn, fell in love with Orion, and took him to [[Delos]], but Artemis slew him.<ref>The ''[[Bibliotheke]]'' [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+1.4.3 1.4.3-5]. This book has come down to us with the name of [[Apollodorus]]; but this is almost certainly wrong. Pherecydes from Fontenrose, p.6 </ref>
The margin of the Empress [[Eudocia]]'s copy of the Iliad has a note summarizing a Hellenistic poet<ref>[[Euphorion of Chalcis]].</ref> who tells a different story of Orion's birth: The gods Zeus and Hermes and Poseidon came to visit a poor man called [[Hyrieus]] (from [[Thebes]] or Chios) who roasted a whole bull<ref>The ancient sources for this story all phrase it so that this could be either a bull or a cow; translations vary, although "bull" may be more common. A bull would be an appropriate sacrifice to male gods.</ref> for them; when they offered him a favor, asked for sons. They took the cattle-hide and ejaculated, or urinated, into it,<ref>Both are represented by the same Greek participle, ''ourion'', thus explaining Orion's name. The Latin translations by Hyginus are ambiguous.</ref> and buried it in the earth - thus explaining why Orion is Earthborn.<ref>''Euforion de Calcis; Fragmentos y Epigramas'', ed. Luis Alberto de Cuenca. Madrid, 1976. pp.127-9. </ref>
A third, three paragraphs, is by a Latin writer on the constellations, [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]].<ref>''de Astronomia'' 2.34; a shorter recension in his ''Fabulae'' 195. Paragraphing according to [[Ghislane Viré]]'s 1992 [[Teubner]] edition.</ref>This begins with the oxhide story of Orion's birth, which Hyginus ascribes to [[Callimachus]] and Aristomachus.<ref> Aristomachus of Soli wrote on bee-keeping. (''OCD'': "Bee-keeping".</ref> Hyginus has two versions, in one of them<ref>in the ''Astronomia;'' the ''Fabulae'' have Poseidon</ref>he omits Poseidon; one modern critic suggests this is the original version.<ref>Fontenrose</ref>
Hyginus also tells two stories of the death of Orion: Because of his "living joined in too great a friendship" with Oenopion<ref>''prope nimia conjunctum amicitia vixisse''. Hyginus, ''Ast., loc. cit.'' </ref> he boasted to Artemis and [[Leto]] that he could kill anything which came from Earth. Earth objected and created the Scorpion.<ref>''Ibid''. 2.26</ref> In another story, [[Apollo]] objected to Artemis's love for Orion, and (seeing Orion swimming with just his head visible) challenged his sister to shoot at that mark, and she hit and killed him.<ref>''Ibid'' 2.34, quoting Istrus. Robert Graves adds that Apollo challenged Artemis to hit "that rascal [[Candaon]]"; this is for narrative smoothness. It's not in his source. </ref>
Hyginus also connects him with several constellations, not just Scorpio. Orion chased [[Pleione]], mother of the [[Pleiades]], for seven years, until Zeus intervened and raised the whole lot to the stars;<ref>2.21</ref> the story that he chases the Pleiades themselves goes back to the ''Works and Days''. [[Canis Minor]] and [[Canis Major]] are his dogs; the first, being in front, is called [[Procyon]]; they chase [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]], the hare; although Hyginus says some critics thought this too base a prey for the noble Orion, and have him pursuing [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] instead.<ref>Hyginus, ''Astr.'' 2.33, 35-6; which also present these as the dogs of [[Procris]].</ref>
===Variants===
There are, as often, numerous variants in other authors; most of these are incidental mentions in poems and [[scholia]]sts. [[Vergil]], for instance, shows<ref>''[[Aeneis]]'' [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Verg.+A.+10.755 10, 763-7]</ref> Orion, as a giant, not walking on the Aegean, but wading through it.
There are several references to Hyrieus as the father of Orion, connecting him to various places in [[Boeotia]], including [[Hyria]]; this may well be the original story (although not the first attested), since Hyrieus is presumably the [[eponym]] of Hyria. He is also called [[Oeneus]], although he is not the Calydonian Oeneus.<ref>Peck, p.200; giving Hyginus's etymology for Urion, but describing it as "fantastic". Oeneus from Kerenyi ''Gods'', citing [[Servius]]'s [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Serv.+A.+10.763 note] to [[Aeneid]] 10.763; which actually reads Oenopion; but this may be corruption. </ref> Other ancient scholia say, like Hesiod, that Orion was the son of Poseidon and a daughter of Minos, but call the daughter Brylle or Hyeles.<ref>[[Natale Conti]]’s ''Mythologiae'', VIII, 13 translated and annotated by John Mulryan and Steven Brown; Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006. Vol II, p. 752. ''n'' 98. ISBN 978-0-86698-361-7</ref>
There are a number of variant forms of the story of Orion and Oenopion; one source has Merope the wife of Oenopion, not his daughter; another has Merope the daughter of Minos, not Oenopion.<ref>Kerenyi, ''Gods of the Greeks.'' Frazer's notes to Apollodorus ''loc.cit.'' (Loeb)</ref> The longest (a page in the Loeb) is from a collection of melodramatic plots drawn up by an Alexandrian poet for the Roman [[Cornelius Gallus]] to make into Latin verse.<ref>[[Parthenius]], ''Love Romances'' XX; [[LCL]], with Longus' [[Daphnis and Chloe]]. Unlike most of Parthenius' stories, no source is noted in the MS.</ref> This shows Orion slaying the wild beasts of Chios, and looting the other inhabitants to make a bride-price for Oenopion's daughter, whom this source calls Aëro or Leiro.<ref>Both are emendations of Parthenius's text, which is Haero; ''Aëro'' is from Gaselee's Loeb editon; ''Leiro'' "lily" Is from J. L. Lightfoot's 1999 edition of Parthenius, p.495, which records the several emendations suggested by other editors, which include Maero and Merope. "Leiro" is supported by a Hellenistic inscription from Chios, which mentions a ''Liro'' as a companion of Oenopion. </ref> Oenopion doesn't want to marry her off to someone like Orion, and eventually Orion, in frustration, breaks into her bedchamber and rapes her; the text implies that Oenopion blinds him on the spot.
Latin sources add that Oenopion was the son of Dionysus, and Dionysus sent [[satyr]]s to send Orion into a deep sleep so he could be blinded; one tells the same story, but converts Oenopion into [[Minos]] of Crete. They add that an oracle told Orion that his sight could be restored by walking eastward, and he found his way by hearing the [[Cyclops]]' hammer; and placed a Cyclops as a guide on his shoulder. (They do not mention Cabeiri, or Lemnos; but this is presumably the story of Cedalion recast. Both Hephaestus and the Cyclopes were said to make thunderbolts, and they are combined in other sources.)<ref>Fontenrose p.9-10; citing Servius and the [[Vatican Mythographer]]. The comparison is Fontenrose's judgment</ref>
[[Corinna]] sang of Orion conquering and naming all the land of the dawn.<ref>[[Robert Weir Smyth]], ''Greek Melic Poets'', p. 68 and notes on 338-9. He doubts the interpretation, which comes down from antiquity, that this is Hyria, which Orion named Ouria after himself. </ref>
[[Lucian]] includes a picture with Orion in a rhetorical description of an ideal building, where he is simply walking into the rising sun close by Lemnos, with Cedalion on his shoulder. He recovers his sight there, with Hephaestus still watching in the background.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''De domo'' 28; [[Poussin]] followed this description, and [[A. B. Cook]] interprets all the mentions of Orion being healed by the Sun in this sense. ''Zeus'' I, 290 ''n''. 3 Fontenrose sees a combination of two stories: the lands of Dawn in the far east; and Hephaestus' smithy, the source of fire.</ref>
:''The next picture deals with the ancient story of Orion. He is blind, and on his shoulder carries Cedalion, who directs the sightless eyes towards the East. The rising Sun heals his infirmity; and there stands Hephaestus on Lemnos, watching the cure.<ref>[[Henry Watson Fowler|Fowler, H. W.]] & [[Francis George Fowler|Fowler F.G.]] translators (1905). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl4/wl403.htm1905 "The Hall"]. In ''The Works of Lucian of Samosata'', pp. 12–23. Clarendon press.</ref>
Other mythographers have Orion healed by [[Aesculapius]] on [[Naxos]], with no mention of Lemnos at all.<ref>Fontenrose, p. 26-7, n.9</ref>
Several sources tell different stories of how Artemis killed Orion, either with her arrows, or by producing the Scorpion. She is given various motives: that he boasted of his beast-killing, that he challenged her to a contest (with the [[discus]]), or that he assaulted either Artemis herself, or else the [[Hyperborean]] maiden [[Opis]] in her band of huntresses.<ref>Apollodorus, ''loc. cit.'' and Frazer's notes. Artemis is called Opis in [[Callimachus]] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Call.+H.+3+hymns+3.170 Hymn 3.204''f''] and elsewhere. Fontenrose p. 13. </ref>
[[Aratus]]'s brief description, in his ''Astronomy'', conflates the elements of the myth. According to Aratus, Orion attacks Artemis while hunting on ''Chios'', and the Scorpion kills him there.<ref>Aratus, ''Phaenomena'' I, 634-646. quoted in Kubiak, p. 14.</ref>
[[Pausanias]] saw Orion's tomb at [[Tanagra]]; Hyria lay in the territory of Tanagra.<ref>Pausanias, [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+9.20.1 9.20.3]; Robert Weir Smyth: ''Greek Melic Poets'', Macmillan 1900; p. 339</ref>
Ancient poets differed greatly on ''who'' it was that [[Aesculapius]] brought back from the dead; for which Zeus killed him with a lightning bolt. The Argive epic poet [[Telesarchus]] is quoted in a scholion as saying that Aesculapius resurrected Orion.<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens]] ''Testimonianze i frammenti'' ed. Paola Dolcetti 2004; frag. 160 = 35a ''Frag. Hist. Gr'' = 35 Fowler. She quotes the complete scholion (to Euripedes, ''Alcestis'' 1); the statement of Telesarchus may or may not be cited from Pherecydes. </ref>
===Relationships===
The mythographers connect Orion genealogically with other stories. Hyginus makes [[Hylas]]'s mother [[Menodice]], daughter of Orion.<ref>Graves, §143''a'', citing Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 14.</ref> Another mythographer, Liberalis, tells of [[Menippe and Metioche]], daughters of Orion, who had themselves (literally) sacrificed for their country's good, and were transformed into comets.<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]] 25</ref>
==Modern interpretations==
The story of Side may well be another astronomical myth; Greek ''side'' means [[pomegranate]], which bears fruit while Orion, the constellation, is in the night sky.<ref>Frazer's notes to Apollodorus, citing a lexicon of 1884. Fontenrose is unconvinced. </ref>
[[Image:Infans Philosophicus tres agnoscit patres, ut Orion.png|thumb|300px|Apollo, Vulcan and Mercury conceive Orion in an allegory of the three-fathered "philosophical child". The artist stands at the left.]]
The Renaissance mythographer [[Natalis Comes]] interpreted the whole story of Orion as an [[allegory]] of the evolution of a storm-cloud: Begotten by air (Zeus), water (Poseidon), and the sun (Apollo), a stormcloud is diffused (Chios, which Comes derives from χέω, "pour out"), rises though the upper air ([[Aer|Aër]]ope, as Comes spells Merope), chills (is blinded), and is turned into rain by the moon (Artemis). He also explains Orion walking on the sea: "Since the subtler part of the water which is rarefied rests on the surface, it is said that Orion learned from his father how to walk on water."<ref>Gombrich.</ref>
Similarly, Orion's conception made him the "philosophical child", an allegory of philosophy springing from multiple sources, in Renaissance [[hermeticism|hermetic]] works, with some variation: [[Michael Maier]] gave the fathers as Apollo, Vulcan and Mercury,<ref>Maier, Michael (1617). [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/atl46-50.html ''Atalanta fugiens''].</ref> and [[Antoine-Joseph Pernety]] gave them as Jupiter, Neptune and Mercury.<ref>Pernety (1737). ''[http://alkest.club.fr/misajourdec/opernety.htm Dictionaire Mytho-Hermetique]''.</ref>
The early nineteenth-century mythographer [[Karl Otfried Müller]] considered Orion the "only purely mythological figure in the heavens" and divided the myths into the original myths of the giant, and the figurative expressions of [[star lore]] after he was later identified with the constellation.<ref>[[Karl Otfried Müller]]: (1844 translation by John Leitch). ''Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology'', pp. 133-134. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</ref>
[[Erwin Rohde]] saw Orion as an example of the Greeks erasing the line between the gods and mankind: If Orion was in the heavens, other mortals could hope to be.<ref>''Psyche'', tr. H.B.Hillis; New York, Harcourt, 1925, p.58. </ref>
[[Karl Kerényi]], in ''Gods of the Greeks'', portrays Orion as a giant of [[Titan]]ic vigor and criminality; born outside his mother like [[Tityos]] or [[Dionysus]].<ref>Kerényi believes the story of Hyrieus to be original, and that the pun on Orion was made for the myth, rather than the other way around.</ref> He lays great stress on the variant in which Merope was the wife of Oenopion, and sees it as the remnant of a lost form of the myth in which Merope was Orion's mother (converted by later generations to his stepmother, and then to the present forms); Orion's blinding is therefore parallel to that of [[Aegypius]] and [[Oedipus]].
In ''Dionysus'', Kerényi portrays Orion as a shamanic hunting hero, surviving from Minoan times (hence his association with Crete). Kerényi derives Hyrieus (and Hyria) from a Cretan dialect word ''hyron'', which survives only in ancient dictionaries, meaning "beehive"; from this he makes Orion a representative of the old mead-drinking cultures, overcome by the wine-masters Oenopion and Oeneus. (The Greek for "wine" is ''oinos''.) Fontenrose cites an assertion that Oenopion taught the Chians how to make wine before anybody else knew how.<ref>Fontenrose, p. 9, citing [[Theopompus]]. 264 GH.</ref>
[[Joseph Fontenrose]] wrote ''Orion : the Myth of the Hunter and the Huntress'' to show Orion as the [[type specimen]] of a variety of grotesque hero, like [[Cúchulainn]]; stronger, larger, and more potent than ordinary men, and violent lover of the Divine Huntress. Other instances include [[Actaeon]]; [[Leucippus (mythology)|Leucippus]], son of [[Oenomaus]]; [[Cephalus]]; [[Teiresias]]; and [[Zeus]] himself, as the lover of [[Callisto]]. He also sees Eastern parallels, [[Aqhat]], [[Attis]], [[Dumuzi]], [[Gilgamesh]], [[Dushyanta]], and [[Prajapati]] (as pursuer of [[Ushas]]).
[[Robert Graves]] sees Oenopion as his perennial [[Year-King]], at the stage where the king pretends to die at the end of his term and appoints a substitute, in this case Orion, who actually dies in his place. His blindness is [[iconotropy]] from a picture of Ulysses blinding the [[Cyclops]], mixed with a purely Hellenic solar legend: the Sun-hero is captured and blinded by his enemies at dusk, but escapes and regains his sight at dawn, when all beasts flee him.
Graves sees the rest of the myth as a syncretism of diverse stories: Gilgamesh and the Scorpion-Men; Set becoming a scorpion to kill Horus; the story of [[Aqhat]] and [[Yatpan]] from [[Ras Shamra]]; and a conjectural story of how priestesses of Artemis Opis killed a visitor to their island of Ortygia. Orion's birth from the hide he compares to a West African rainmaking charm, and claims that the son of Poseidon should be a rainmaker.<ref>Graves §41, 1-5</ref>
==Literary culture==
[[Image:Orion aveugle cherchant le soleil.jpg|thumb|300px|Poussin's 1658 painting of the blind Orion.]]
The brief passages in Aratus and Vergil are mentioned [[#Variants|above]]. [[Cicero]] translated Aratus in his youth; he made the Orion episode half again longer than it was in the Greek, adding the traditional Latin [[literary topos|topos]] of madness to Aratus's text. Cicero's ''Aratea'' is one of the oldest Latin poems to come down to us as more than isolated lines; this episode may have established the technique of including [[epyllion|epyllia]] in non-epic poems.<ref>Kubiak, who quotes the passage. (33.418-35 Soubiran).</ref>
Orion is used by [[Horace]], who tells his death at the hands of Diana/Artemis,<ref>[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hor.+Carm.+3.4.1 ''Carmina'' 3.4.70].</ref> and by [[Ovid]], in his [[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]] for [[May 11]]; also a single mention in his ''[[Ars Amatoria|Art of Love]]'', as a sufferer from unrequited love: "Pale Orion wandered in the forest for Side."<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.fasti5.shtml Fasti V 495-535], [http://www.tonykline.co.uk/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm#_Toc69367925 English version]; ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.artis1.shtml Ars Amatoria]'', I 731. The mention in the Fasti is the story of Hyrieus and the three gods, but Ovid is bashful about the climax.</ref>
References since antiquity are fairly rare; the ancient sources which tell more about Orion than his being a gigantic huntsman are both dry and obscure. [[Nicolas Poussin]] painted ''Paysage avec Orion aveugle cherchant le soleil'' (lit: "Landscape with blind Orion seeking the sun"), after [[Lucian]]'s description of the picture of Orion recovering his sight, as well as Natalis Comes's interpretation.<ref>Gombrich.</ref><ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/09/euwf/hod_24.45.1.htm "Nicolas Poussin: Blind Orion Searching for the Rising Sun (24.45.1)"]. In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2006)</ref> [[John Keats]]'s poem [[Endymion (poem)|Endymion]] includes the line ''"Or blind Orion hungry for the morn"'', thought to be inspired by Poussin; [[William Hazlitt]] may have introduced Keats to the painting<ref>[[John Keats]], ''Endymion'', II, 197. See also the editor's note in [http://books.google.com/books?id=j_gQAAAAMAAJ ''The Poems of John Keats''], ed. [[Ernest de Sélincourt]] , Dodd, Mead and company, 1905, p.430. </ref>—he later wrote [http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/Hazlitt/TableTalk/Poussin.htm#fn1 an essay on the artwork] quoting Keats. [[Richard Henry Horne]], in the generation after Keats and Hazlitt, wrote the epic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=v1YCAAAAQAAJ ''Orion''] in 1843, in three volumes. It went into at least ten editions; and was reprinted by the [[Scholartis Press]] in 1928.<ref>National Union Catalog, v.254, p134, citing the LC copy of the 10th edition of 1874.</ref>
The twentieth-century poet [[René Char]] found the blind, lustful hunstman, both pursuer and pursued, a central symbol, as [[James Lawler]] has explained at some length.<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-7484%28197923%2920%3A4%3C529%3ARC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Review] of Lawler, ''René Char: the Myth and the Poem.'' by Sarah N. Lawall in ''Contemporary Literature,'' Vol. 20, No. 4. (Autumn, 1979), pp. 529-531. [[JSTOR]] link</ref> Novelist [[Claude Simon]] likewise found Orion an apt symbol of the writer, as he explored in his ''Orion aveugle'' of 1970.
===Music===
[[Johann Christian Bach]] wrote an opera "Orion, or Diana Reveng’d", first presented at the [[Haymarket Theatre]] in 1763. In this, Orion, sung by a [[castrato]], is in love with Candiope, daughter of Oenopion, King of Arcadia; but his arrogance has offended [[Diana]]. Diana's oracle forbids him to marry Candiope, and foretells glory and death. He bids a touching farewell to Candiope, and marches off to destiny; Diana allows him victory and then kills him, offstage, with her arrow. There is another aria in which his mother (Retrea, Queen of Thebes) laments his death, but the end shows his elevation to the heavens.<ref>Ernest Warburton, "Orione", ''Grove Music'' Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed [[July 16]], [[2007]]), <[http://www.grovemusic.com http://www.grovemusic.com]> </ref>
The 2002 opera ''[[Galileo Galilei (opera)|Galileo Galilei]]'' includes an [[Story within a story|opera within an opera]] piece of Orion and Merope, with the sunlight which heals Orion's blindness being allegorical of modern science.<ref>Strini, Tom (Jun. 29, 2002). [http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=55190 "'Galileo' journeys to the stars"]. ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''.</ref> [[Philip Glass]] has also written a shorter work on Orion, as has [[Tōru Takemitsu]],<ref>A cello sonata developed into a cello concerto; the scores were [[Schott Music]], 1984 and 1986 respectively. The concerto form was recorded by the [[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]] on Bis, along with "A Flock Descends into the Pentagonal Garden."</ref> [[Kaija Saariaho]],<ref>BBC Proms (April 29, 2004). ''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/04_april/29/proms_new.pdf New Music]''. Press release.</ref> and [[John Casken]];<ref>[http://www.ridinger-niemeyer.com/niemeyer/prints/14003_e.php ''Orion over Farnes'' review]. (April 4, 1992). ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung''.</ref> [[David Bedford]]'s works are about the constellation, since he is an amateur astronomer.<ref>Andrew Fraknoi, "[http://aer.noao.edu/figures/v05i01/05-01-03-02.pdf The Music of the Spheres in Education: Using Astronomically Inspired Music]" ''The Astronomy Education Review'', Issue 1, Volume 5:139-153, 2006 [[PDF]]</ref>
==See also==
* [[Orion (constellation)]]
==Notes==
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== Levrlennadur ==
* [[Joseph Fontenrose]] ''Orion: The Myth of the Hunter and the Huntress'' Berkeley : University of California Press (1981) ISBN 0-520-09632-0
* [[E. H. Gombrich]]: "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0951-0788%28194402%2984%3A491%3C37%3ATSOPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G The Subject of Poussin's Orion]" ''The Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 84, No. 491. (Feb., 1944), pp. 37-41. [[JSTOR]] link.
* [[Robert Graves]], ''The Greek Myths'' Penguin 1955; ISBN 0-918825-80-6 is the 1988 reprint by a different publisher.
* [[Karl Kerényi]], ''Gods of the Greeks'', tr. Norman Cameron. Thames and Hudson 1951. ISBN 0-500-27048-1 is a reprint, by the same publisher.
* [[Karl Kerényi]], ''Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life'' [[Princeton University Press]], 1976. ISBN 0-691-09863-8
* David Kubiak: "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-8353%28198110%2F11%2977%3A1%3C12%3ATOEOC%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D The Orion Episode of Cicero's ''Aratea'']" ''The Classical Journal'', Vol. 77, No. 1. (Oct. - Nov., 1981), pp. 12-22. [[JSTOR]] link.
* Roger Pack, "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9711%281952%2983%3C198%3AARNIE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W A Romantic Narrative in Eunapius]"; '' Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', Vol. 83. (1952), pp. 198-204. [[JSTOR]] link. A practicing classicist retells Orion in passing.
== Liammoù diavaez ==
* [http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteOrion.html Theoi.com: Orion]
* [http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteOrion.html Theoi.com: Orion] Excerpts from translations from Greek and Roman texts (often older ones, in the [[public domain]], but not always), including the sources for many of the statements in this article. The only translation of [[Antoninus Liberalis]] into English is under copyright; most of the scholia (even [[Servius]]) have not been translated at all.
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