|
Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''verb-stagañ mann''' ([[Saozneg|saoz]]: [[:en:Zero copula|''zero copula'']]) evit komz eus ar fed ma ranker kompren bezañs ar [[verb-stagañ]] hervez ar c'henarroud [[Yezghadurel|yezhadur]] kentoc'h evit dre implij ur merk hewel, da lâret eo ur [[verb]] pe ul [[lostger]] resis.
Implijet e vez verboù-stagañ mann e yezhadur meur a [[yezh]] disheñvel. en o zoues ar [[malayeg]]/[[indonezeg]], an [[turkeg]] ([[Yezhoù turkek|yezh turkek]]), ar [[ruseg]] ([[Yezhoù sklavek|yezh slavek]]), an [[hungareg]] ([[yezhoù finnek-ougrek|yezh finnek-ougrek]]), an [[hebraeg]] hag an [[arabeg]] ([[yezhoù semitek]]) [[Lugandagandaeg|gandaeg language(pe ''luganda'')]] ([[yezhoù bantouek|Lugandayezh vantouek]]) hag ar [[Sinhalesesinhaleg]] language([[Yezhoù indez-ariek|Sinhalayezh indez-ariek]]).
It is also found, to a lesser extent, in [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and many other languages, used most frequently in [[rhetoric]] and casual speech.
==In English==
Standard English exhibits a very limited form of the zero copula, most common in statements like "The higher, the better", and casual questions like "You from out of town?". It's also witnessed in the exclamation "You the man!". However, the zero copula is not used productively in standard English.
The zero copula is far more productive in [[African American Vernacular English]], some varieties of which regularly omit the copula. For instance, "You crazy!" or "She my sister". It is also found in questions, for example "Where you at?" and "Who she?".<ref>"be." ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. (see [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/be Dictionary.com's definition] under the "Our Living Language" note.)</ref> As in Russian, this is the case only in the present tense. In past-tense sentences, the copula must be specified. Although these speech patterns have not, as yet, had a significant effect on mainstream English, they are interesting for [[historical linguistics|historical linguists]], as they may predict future developments in English grammar.
The zero copula is also present, in a slightly different and more regular form, in the [[headline]]s of English [[newspaper]]s, where short words and articles are generally omitted to conserve space. For example, a headline would more likely say "Gulf coast in ruins" than "Gulf coast '''is''' in ruins". Because headlines are generally simple A = B statements, an explicit copula is rarely necessary.
==In other languages==
Omission frequently depends on the [[tense]] and use of the copula.
The present tense of the copula in Russian was in common use well into the [[19th Century]] (as attested in the works of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]), but is used now only for [[archaism|archaic]] effect.
===Irish===
Further restrictions may apply before omission is permitted. For example in the [[Irish language]], ''is'', the present tense of the copula, may be omitted when the predicate is a noun. ''Ba'' the past/conditional cannot be deleted. If the present copula is omitted, the following pronoun ''é, í, iad'' preceding the noun is omitted as well.
===Arabic===
* ''Omuwala omulungi'' 'The beautiful girl' or 'a beautiful girl'
Compare the use of the definite prefix ''[[al-]]'' in the Arabic example above.
===American Sign Language===
[[American Sign Language]] does not have a copula. For example, ''my hair is wet'' is signed 'my hair wet', and ''my name is Pete'' may be signed '[name my]<sup><small>TOPIC</small></sup> P-E-T-E'.
===Amerindian languages===
[[Nahuatl]], as well as some other [[Amerindian language]]s, has no copula. Instead of using a copula, it is possible to [[grammatical conjugation|conjugate]] nouns or adjectives like verbs.
==Gwelit ivez==
| 