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{{Troidigezh}}'''Testenn dev'''[[Skeudenn:Caracalla_bust.jpg|right|thumb|300px| Caracalla , penn ha bruched ([[Louvre]])]]
'''Caracalla''' ([[4 a viz Ebrel]] [[186]] - [[8 a viz Ebrel]] [[217]]), anvet ''Septimius Bassanius'' da gentañ, ha ''Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus'' goude, a voe imalaerimpalaer roman eus [[211]] da [[217]], war -lerc'h e dad [[Septimus Severus]]. <ref>"Caracalla" ''The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary''. Tony Deverson. Oxford University Press 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> Bez' e voe unan eus an Impalaerien roman armuiañar muiañ troet da drelatiñ.<ref>"Caracalla" ''A Dictionary of British History''. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Caracalla" ''World Encyclopedia''. Philip's, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</ref>
 
Sed a c'hoarvezas e-kerzh e ren :
* savidigezh ''[[Constitutio Antoniniana]]'', a roe ar [[keodedouriezh roman|geodedouriezh]] d'an dud disklav en impalaeriezh evit kreskiñ an arc'hant dastumet gant an tailhoù;
* bihanaat ar c'hementad [[arc'hant]] er pezhioù moneiz roman (eus 25%) evit paeañ al lejionoù
* savidigezh ur pezh [[kibelldi]] e-maez kêr Roma, a c'haller gwelout an dismantroù anezhañ hirivhiziv c'hoazh.
<!--==Rise to power==
Caracalla, of [[Berber people|Berber]]<ref>[[:fr:Marcel Le Glay|Marcel Le Glay]]. ''Rome : T2, Grandeur et chute de l'Empire'' p336. Librairie Académique Perrin, 2005. ISBN 978-2-262-01898-6</ref><ref>[[:fr:Gilbert Meynier|Gilbert Meynier]]. ''L’Algérie des origines :De la préhistoire à l’avènement de l’Islam'' p74. La découverte, 2007. ISBN 978-2-7071-5088-2 </ref> and [[Arab]]ic descent, was born '''Lucius Septimius Bassianus''' in [[Lugdunum]], [[Gaul]] (now [[Lyon, France]]), the son of the later Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]]. At the age of seven, his name was changed to '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' to solidify connection to the family of [[Marcus Aurelius]]. He was later given the [[#His nickname|nickname ''Caracalla'']], which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable.
{{Severan dynasty
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His father, who had taken the imperial throne in [[193]], died in [[211]] while touring the northern marches at [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]), and Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his brother [[Publius Septimius Geta|Publius Septimius Antoninius Geta]]. However since the both of them wanted to be the sole ruler, tensions between the brothers were evident in the few months they ruled the empire together (they even considered dividing the empire in two, but were persuaded not to do so by their mother). In December 211, Caracalla had Geta, the family of his former father-in-law [[Gaius Fulvius Plautianus]], his wife [[Fulvia Plautilla]] (also his paternal second cousin), and her brother assassinated. He persecuted Geta's supporters and ordered a ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'' by the Senate against his brother.
 
==Reign==
 
In [[213]] Caracalla went north to the German frontier to deal with the [[Alamanni]] who were causing trouble in the [[Agri Decumates]]. The emperor managed to win the sympathy of the soldiers with generous pay rises and popular gestures, like marching on foot among the ordinary soldiers, eating the same food, and even grinding his own flour with them.
 
Caracalla defeated the [[Alamanni]] in a battle near the river [[Rhine]], but failed to win a decisive victory over them. After a peace agreement was brokered, the senate conferred upon him the title "Germanicus Maximus". In the next year the emperor traveled to the East.
 
When the inhabitants of [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]] heard Caracalla's claims that he had killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this claim, as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Caracalla responded to this insult savagely in [[215]] by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival, and then unleashed his troops for several days of looting and plunder in Alexandria. According to historian [[Cassius Dio]]{{Fact|date=May 2007}}, over 20,000 people were killed.
 
During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the pay of an average legionnaire to 675 ''denarii'' and lavished many benefits on the army which he both feared and admired, as instructed by his father Septimius Severus who had told him[http://www.roman-empire.net/decline/caracalla.html] to always mind the soldiers and ignore everyone else.
 
Seeking to secure his own legacy, Caracalla also commissioned one of Rome's last major architectural achievements, the [[Baths of Caracalla]], the largest public bath ever built in ancient Rome. The main room of the baths was larger than [[St. Peter's Basilica]], and could easily accommodate over 2,000 Roman citizens at one time. The bath house opened in [[216]], and was complete with private rooms and outdoor tracks, and was lined with golden trim and mosaics.
 
==Fall==
Caracalla was in essence a military dictator, and was consequently very unpopular except with the soldiers. Ironically while travelling from [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] to begin a war with [[Parthia]], he was assassinated while urinating at a roadside near [[Harran]] on [[April 8]], [[217]] by Julius Martialis, an officer in the imperial bodyguard. [[Herodian]] says that Martialis' brother had been executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; [[Cassius Dio]], on the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke. He immediately fled on horseback, but was killed by a bodyguard archer.
 
Caracalla was succeeded by the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard, [[Macrinus]], who almost certainly was part of the conspiracy against the emperor.
 
==His nickname==
According to [[Aurelius Victor]] in his ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', the [[cognomen]] '''Caracalla''' refers to a Gallic [[cloak]] that Caracalla adopted as a personal fashion, which spread to his army and his court.<ref>[[Aurelius Victor]], ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/victor_ep.html#21 21] ([http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm translation]). For information on the ''caracallus'' garment, see [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'': [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Caracalla.html "Caracalla"]</ref> [[Cassius Dio]]<ref>[[Cassius Dio]], ''Roman History'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/79*.html#78-3 79.3]</ref> and the ''[[Augustan History|Historia Augusta]]''<ref>''[[Augustan History|Historia Augusta]]'': ''Caracalla'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Caracalla*.html#9.7 9.7], ''Septimius Severus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Septimius_Severus*.html#21.11 21.11]</ref> agree that his nickname derived from his cloak, but do not mention its country of origin.
 
[[Image:Caracalla et Geta.jpg|thumb|right|Caracalla and Geta by [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]. 1907.]]
==Legendary king of Britain==
[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s legendary ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae|History of the Kings of Britain]]'' makes Caracalla, under the name Bassianus, a king of Britain. After Severus's death, the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought a battle in which Geta was killed, and Bassianus succeeded to the throne. He ruled until he was betrayed by his [[Picts|Pictish]] allies and overthrown by [[Carausius]], who, according to Geoffrey, was a Briton, rather than the [[Menapii|Menapian]] Gaul that he actually was.<ref>[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' [[s:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5#2|5.2-3]]</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Severan dynasty family tree]]
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<!--{{Roman Emperors}}
 
{{Persondata
|NAME= Caracalla
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Lucius Septimius Bassianus; Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Roman emperor
|DATE OF BIRTH= 4 April 186
|PLACE OF BIRTH= Lugdunum, Gaul
|DATE OF DEATH=8 April 217
|PLACE OF DEATH= near Harran
}}
-->
 
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