Emsavadeg ar Vokserien : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Xqbot (kaozeal | degasadennoù) D Bot : ko:의화단 운동 a zo ur pennad vat; Kemm dister |
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'''Emsavadeg ar Vokserien''', a oa un emsavadeg a oa kaset en-dro gant izili eus ur gevredigezh sinat anvet « Yi he tuan » (Milis ar Justis hag ar Gengarantez), pe «
Anvet e veze izili ar gevredigezh "Bokserien" gant Kornôgiz abalamour ma embregent d'an [[arzhoù gour]] ha d'an "[[arzoù kalistenek]]". Loc'hañ a reas an emsavadeg, harpet gant kouerien dreist-holl, e norzh Sina. Embann a rae mennozhioù enepestrañjour hag [[enepimpalaerelouriezh|enepimpalaerelour]]. Tagañ a rejont estrenien a oa o sevel hentoù-houarn abalamour ma torrent reolennoù ar [[Feng shui]], hag ar Gristenien a veze tamallet oute aotroniezh ar broadoù estren e Sina. E miz Even 1900 e oa aloubet [[Beijing]] gant ar Vokserien a lazhas 230 den estren. Kristenien sinat a oa lazhet ivez, er [[Shandong]] hag er [[Shanxi]] dreist-holl.
Gouarnamant [[Cixi|an impalaerez trederannerez Cixi]] a lezas ober ha ar gannaded, ar siviled estren, soudarded hag un nebeud kristenien sinat a a rankas souchañ e karter ar c'hannadtiez (legationoù) e lec'h ma taljont ouzh an emsavadeg e-doug 55 devezh. Neuze e tegouezhas un nerzh liesbroadel, enni 20000 soudard, da sikour anezhe. Rediet e oa gouarnamant Sina da zigoll ar re o doa gouzañvet diwar an emsavadeg ha da asantiñ da c'houlennoù ar broadoù estren. Adreizhadennoù graet da-heul emsavadeg ar Vokserien a zegasas evit lod diwezh an [[Tierniezh Qing|dierniezh Qing
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[[Image:Foreign armies in Beijing during Boxer Rebellion.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Parade of the foreign armies in Beijing.]]
A large international expeditionary force under the command of German general [[Alfred Graf von Waldersee]] arrived too late to take part in the main fighting, but undertook several punitive expeditions against the Boxers. Troops from most nations engaged in [[plunder]], [[looting]] and [[rape]]. German troops in particular were criticized for their enthusiasm in carrying out Kaiser [[Wilhelm II of Germany]]'s 27 July order:
:{{cquote|<I>''Make the name German remembered in China for a thousand years so that no Chinaman will ever again dare to even squint at a German.<ref>Eugene, Melvin. Sonnenburg, Penny M. [2003] (2003). Digitized 2006. Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. ISBN
The [[:de:Hunnenrede|speech]], in which Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th century [[Huns]], gave rise to the British derogatory name "Hun" for their German enemy during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]].
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{{refbegin|2}}
* Brandt, Nat (1994). ''Massacre in Shansi.'' Syracuse U. Press. ISBN
* {{cite book | first = Marshall | last = Broomhall | authorlink = Marshall Broomhall | year = 1901 | title = Martyred Missionaries of The China Inland Mission; With a Record of The Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01471430&id=yVtXfdulqUMC&pg=PR3&dq=broomhall+martyred| publisher = Morgan and Scott | location = London}}
* Chen, Shiwei. "Change and Mobility: the Political Mobilization of the Shanghai Elites in 1900." ''Papers on Chinese History'' 1994 3(spr): 95-115.
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* Esherick, Joseph W. (1987). ''The Origins of the Boxer Uprising'' University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06459-3
* Harrison, Henrietta. "Justice on Behalf of Heaven." ''History Today'' (2000) 50(9): 44-51. Issn: 0018-2753.
* [[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|Jellicoe, George]] (1993). ''The Boxer Rebellion'', The Fifth Wellington Lecture, University of Southampton, University of Southampton. ISBN
* Hsu, Immanuel C.Y. (1999). ''The rise of modern China'', 6 ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN
* Hunt, Michael H. "The Forgotten Occupation: Peking, 1900–1901." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 48 (4) (Nov. 1979): 501–529.
* Preston, Diana (2000). ''The Boxer Rebellion''. Berkley Books, New York. ISBN 0-425-18084-0. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=70134073 online edition]
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{{Great power diplomacy}} -->
[[Rummad:Istor Sina]]
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