|
[[Restr:Troas.png|thumb|400px|[[Kartenn]] Troia]]
Hervez [[mitologiezh Hellaz]] e oa Troia kêrbennkêr-benn [[rouantelezh]] Troia, war [[aod]] [[Anatolia|Azia-Vihanañ]], ur vro henc'hresian anezhi ha pinvidikaet gant ar c'henwerzh. Difennet e oa gant [[moger]]ioù divent, ma soñjed n'halle ket bezañ kemeret gant un arme.<br />
Kredet e veze e tiskenne [[tiern]]ed Troia eus [[Dardanos]], mab da [[Zeus]] hag [[Elektra]]. Hervez an Henc'hresianed e teue Dardanos eus [[Arkadia]], met ar Romaned a lavare e oa deuet Dardanos eus [[Italia]] a-raok mont da enez [[Samotrakia]] e lec'h ma veve [[Teukros]] a roas unan eus e verc'hed da zimeziñ d'e ostiz.<br />
Mab-bihan Dardanos, Tros, a roas e anv d'ar rouantelezh savet diwar trevadennerezh an aodoù e-tal Samotrakia. Ilos, mad Tros, a diazezas, sañset, keoded Ilion e oa roet gant [[Zeus]] ar [[Palladium]]. Gant [[Apollon]] ha [[Poseidon]] e oa bet savet ar mogerioù-difenn diwar goulenn [[Laomedon]], mab da Ilos ar yaouankañ, met nac'hañ a reas Laomedon paeañ e dle ha beuzet e voe an [[tolead]] gant an dour mor kaset gant Poseidon. Hemañ a c'houlennas ma vefe aberzet ar merc'h yaouank Hesione en ur c'has anezhi da vezañ debret gant un [[aerouant]] mor a lazhas ivez an dud o chom war ar maez.<br />
An [[nimfezed]] [[Aisepid]] a oa [[naiadezed]] ar stêr s [[Aisepos]] e Troia. [[Pegsis]] a oa naiadenn ar stêr [[Grenikos]] tost da Droia.
[[Menez Ida]] en Azia Vihan.
[[Menez Ida]] en Azia Vihan <!--is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where [[Anchises]] was seduced by [[Aphrodite]], where Aphrodite gave birth to Aeneas, where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "[[Judgement of Paris]]" took place, where the Greek gods watched the [[Trojan War]], where [[Hera]] distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the Achaeans, aided by Poseidon, to hold the Trojans off their ships, and where Aeneas and his followers rested and waited until the [[Greeks]] set out for [[Greece]]. The altar of [[Panomphaean]] (‘source of all oracles’) was dedicated to [[Jupiter the Thunderer]] (''Tonatus'') near Troy. [[Butrint|Buthrotos]] (or Buthrotum) was a city in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] where [[Helenus]], the Trojan [[seer]], built a replica of Troy. Aeneas landed there and Helenus foretold his future.'''-->
== Troia e spered Homeros ==
* Troia VIII: en-dro da [[700 kent J.-K]]
* Troia IX: [[Hellenadegezh]] Ilium, [[1añ kantvet kent J.-K]]
<!--
===Troia I–V===
The first city was founded in the [[3rd millennium BC]]. During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the [[Dardanelles]], through which every merchant ship from the [[Aegean Sea]] heading for the [[Black Sea]] had to pass.
===Troia VI===
Troy VI was destroyed around [[1300 BC]], probably by an [[earthquake]]. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no bodily remains.
===Troia VII===
{{main|Troy VII}}
The archaeological layer known as Troy VIIa, which has been dated on the basis of [[pottery]] styles to the mid- to late-[[13th century BC]], is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. It appears to have been destroyed by a war, and there are traces of a fire. Until the [[1988]] excavations, the problem was that Troy VII seemed to be a hill-top fort, and not a city of the size described by Homer, but later identification of parts of the city ramparts suggests a city of considerable size.
Partial human remains were found in houses and in the streets, and near the north-western ramparts a human skeleton with skull injuries and a broken jawbone. Three bronze arrowheads were found, two being in the fort and one in the city. However, only small portions of the city have been excavated, and the finds are too scarce to clearly favour destruction by war over a natural disaster.
Troy VIIb<sub>1</sub> (ca. [[1120 BC]]) and Troy VIIb<sub>2</sub> (ca. [[1020 BC]]) appear to have been destroyed by fires.
===Troia IX===
The last city on this site, [[Hellenistic]] Ilium, was founded by Romans during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] and was an important trading city until the establishment of [[Constantinople]] in the [[fourth century]] as the eastern capital of the [[Roman Empire]]. In [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times the city declined gradually, and eventually disappeared.
==Excavation campaigns==
===Schliemann===
With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to the realms of legend. In the [[1870s]] (in two campaigns, [[1871]]-[[1873|73]] and [[1878]]/[[1879|9]]), however, the German [[archaeology|archaeologist]] [[Heinrich Schliemann]] excavated a hill, called '''Hisarlik''' by the Turks, near the town of Chanak ([[Çanakkale]]) in north-western [[Anatolia]]. Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the [[Bronze Age]] to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time.
[[Skeudenn:ac.troy2.jpg|thumb|300px|Mor Aigos gwelet diouzh Hisarlık]]
==Ilios Homer ha Wilusa istorel==
The events described in Homer's ''Ilias'', even if based on historical events that preceded its composition by some 450 years, will never be completely identifiable with historical or archaeological facts, even if there was a Bronze Age city on the site now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War.
No text or artifact has been found on site itself which clearly identifies the Bronze Age site. This is probably due to the planification of the former hillfort during the construction of Hellenistic Ilium (Troy IX), destroying the parts that most likely contained the city archives. A [[:Image:Troy VIIb hieroglyphic seal reverse.png|single seal]] of a [[Luwian]] scribe has been found in one of the houses, proving the presence of written correspondence in the city, but not a single text. Our emerging understanding of the geography of the Hittite Empire makes it very likely that the site corresponds to the city of ''Wilusa''. But even if that is accepted, it is of course no positive proof of identity with Homeric ''(W)ilion''.
A name ''Wilion'' or ''Troia'' does not appear in any of the Greek written records from the [[Mycenaean period|Mycenean]] sites. The Mycenaean Greeks of the [[13th century BC]] had colonized the Greek mainland and [[Crete]], and were only beginning to make forays into Anatolia, establishing a bridgehead in [[Miletus]] (''Millawanda''). Historical ''Wilusa'' was one of the ''[[Arzawa]]'' lands, in loose alliance with the [[Hittites|Hittite]] Empire, and written reference to the city is therefore to be expected in Hittite correspondence rather than in Mycenaean palace archives.
=== ''Ilias'' istorel pe get?===
The dispute over the historicity of the [[Ilias]] was very heated at times. The more we know about Bronze Age history, the clearer it becomes that it is not a yes-or-no question but one of educated assessment of ''how much'' historical knowledge is present in Homer. The story of the ''Ilias'' is not an account of the war, but a tale of the psychology, wrath, vengeance and death of individual heroes that assumes common knowledge of the [[Trojan War]] to create a backdrop. No scholars assume that the individual events in the tale (many of which centrally involve divine intervention) are historical fact; on the other hand, few scholars claim that the scenery is entirely devoid of memories of Mycenaean times: it is rather a subjective question of whether the factual content is rather more or rather less than one would have expected.
The ostensible historicity of Homer's Troy faces the same hurdles as with [[Plato]]'s [[Atlantis]]. In both cases, an ancient writer's story is now seen by some to be true, by others to be mythology or fiction. It may be possible to establish connections between either story and real places and events, but these connections may be subject to [[selection bias]].
===The ''Ilias'' as essentially legendary===
Some archaeologists and historians maintain that none of the events in Homer are historical. Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric stories, but say that in the absence of independent evidence it is not possible to separate fact from myth in the stories.
In recent years scholars have suggested that the Homeric stories represented a synthesis of many old Greek stories of various Bronze Age sieges and expeditions, fused together in the Greek memory during the "[[Greek dark ages|dark ages]]" which followed the fall of the Mycenean civilization. In this view, no historical city of Troy existed anywhere: the name derives from a people called the Troies, who probably lived in central Greece. The identification of the hill at Hisarlik as Troy is, in this view, a late development, following the Greek colonisation of Asia Minor in the [[8th century BC]].
===The ''Ilias'' as essentially historical===
Another view is that Homer was heir to an unbroken tradition of epic poetry reaching back some 500 years into Mycenaean times. In this view, the poem's core could reflect a historical campaign that took place at the eve of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Much legendary material would have been added during this time, but in this view it is meaningful to ask for archaeological and textual evidence corresponding to events referred to in the Iliad. Such a historical background gives a credible explanation for the geographical knowledge of Troy (which could, however, also have been obtained in Homer's time by visiting the traditional site of the city) and otherwise unmotivated elements in the poem (in particular the detailed [[Catalogue of Ships]]). Linguistically, a few verses of the Iliad suggest great antiquity, because they only fit the meter if projected back into [[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]], suggesting a poetic tradition spanning the [[Greek Dark Ages]]. Even though Homer was Ionian, the Iliad reflects the geography known to the Mycenaean Greeks, showing detailed knowledge of the mainland but not extending to the [[Ionian Islands|Ionian]] islands or [[Anatolia]], which suggests that the Iliad reproduces an account of events handed down by tradition, to which the author did not add his own geographical knowledge.
==Troia evel mammenn mojennoù==
Such was the fame of the Trojan story in Roman and medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various legends of national origin. The most famous is undoubtedly that promulgated by [[Virgil]] in the [[Aeneid]], tracing the ancestry of the founders of [[Rome]], and more specifically the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]], to the Trojan prince [[Aeneas]]. Similarly [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] traces the legendary [[King of the Britons|Kings of the Britons]] to a supposed descendant of Aeneas called [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus]].
==Touristerezh==
Today there is a Turkish town called [[Truva]] in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. The archaeological site is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps.
A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from [[Istanbul]] by bus or by ferry via [[Çanakkale]], the nearest major town about 50 km to the north-east. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. The archaeological site itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin," because the site has been frequently excavated, and because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive: in his conviction that the city of Priam would be found in the earliest layers, he demolished many interesting structures from later eras, including all of the house walls from Troy II. For many years also the site was unguarded and was thoroughly looted. However what remains, particularly if put into context by one of the knowledgeable professional guides to the site, is an illuminating insight into civilizations of the Bronze Age, if not to the legends themselves.
-->
== Sell ivez ==
| 