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[[ImageRestr:Flag of Gwynedd.png|170px|thumb|Banniel Gwynedd]]
[[FileRestr:Coat of arms of Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd.svg|thumb|170px|Ardamezioù Dafydd ap Gruffudd.]]
'''Dafydd ap Gruffudd''' (skrivet '''Dafydd ap Gruffydd''' a-wechoù) (war-dro 1238 – [[3 a viz Here]] 1283) a oa breur [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], hag a voe priñs Kembre eus miz Du 1282, war-lerc'h marv e vreur, betek 1283 pa voe prizoniet gant ar Saozon, jahinet ha dibennet.<br />
Eñ eo diwezhañ [[roue Gwynedd]], petra bennak ma vez graet [[Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf]] ("Hon friñs Diwezhañ", priñs diwezhañ Kembre) eus e vreur.
==Yaouankiz==
An trede eus pevar mab ar priñs [[Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr]] hag e bried [[Senana]] e oa, ha dre-se mab-bihan da [[Llywelyn Fawr]]. E [[1241]] ez eas gant e vreur yaouank [[Rhodri ap Gruffudd|Rhodri]] da [[ouestl]] da lez ar roue saoz [[Herri III (Bro-Saoz)|Herri III Bro-Saoz]], hervez un emglev sinet. E [[1253]] ez eas adarre da lez Herri da ober le a wazoniezh dezhañ.
E [[1241]] ez eas gant e vreur yaouank [[Rhodri ap Gruffudd|Rhodri]] da [[ouestl]] da lez ar roue saoz [[Herri III (Bro-Saoz)|Herri III Bro-Saoz]], hervez un emglev sinet. E [[1253]] ez eas adarre da lez Herri da ober le a wazoniezh dezhañ.
==1255-81==
==Brezel 1282-83==
Promesaoù a oa bet graet d'ar priñs Dafydd gant Edward: douaroù a vije roet dezhañ en hanternoz Kembre evit e skoazell. Met ne voe ket roet dezhañ kement tra a c'hortoze. Da [[Sul ar Bleunioù]] [[1282]] e voe arsailhet [[Penarlâg]] gant Dafydd, ha setu kroget ar brezel a gasas Gwynedd da get.<br />
Ne voe ket bihan perzh Dafydd er brezel ha pa voe lazhet Llywelyn e [[Cilmeri]], e dibenn ar bloaz 1282, e voe anvet da briñs e-lec'h e vreur.
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Nid oedd yr un gefnogaeth i Dafydd ag i Lywelyn, ond llwyddodd i gadw [[Castell Dolwyddelan]] am gyfnod. Wedi i'r castell yma syrthio i fyddin Edward ar [[18 Ionawr]] 1283, enciliodd Dafydd i [[Castell y Bere|Gastell y Bere]], lle bu byddin o dros 3,000 o wŷr yn gwarchae arno. Bu raid i'r garsiwn bychan ildio ar [[25 Ebrill]] ond llwyddodd Dafydd i ddianc i [[Castell Dolbadarn|Castell Dolbadarn]], cyn gorfod chwilio am loches yn y mynyddoedd. Ymddengys iddo gael ei fradychu gan rai o'i wyr ei hun, a chymerwyd ef yn garcharor ar lethrau [[Cadair Idris]].
Llywelyn voulut aider Dafydd et s'organisa pour attaquer les Anglais malgré le manque de préparation des Gallois et partit vers le sud pour rallier sous sa bannière les princes gallois du sud. Malheureusement, il tomba dans une embuscade et se fit tuer le [[11 décembre]] [[1282]]. Bien que Dafydd se fit proclamer roi de Gwynedd et Prince de Galles, il ne put résister longtemps à Édouard I{{er}} qui avait réquisitionné des moyens exceptionnels pour mater le pays de Galles, notamment plus de {{formatnum:100000}} hommes et plusieurs [[trébuchet]]s. Dès l'été [[1283]], Édouard I{{er}}, qui avait complètement encerclé le Gwynedd avait pratiquement achevé sa conquête du pays de Galles. Dafydd se trouva obligé de fuir, probablement au château de [[Dolwyddelan]], mais celui-ci fut conquis dès le [[18 janvier]] [[1283]]. Dafydd dut s'enfuir à nouveau à [[Castell y Bere]], mais celle-ci se trouva assiégée par {{formatnum:3000}} Anglais et se rendit le [[25 avril]]. Dafydd put encore s'enfuir vers le château de [[Dolbadarn]]. Mais dès le mois de mai, il dut s'enfuir à nouveau vers une cachette dans la montagne. Environ un mois après il fut trahi par un se ses hommes et capturé sur les flancs de colline de [[Cadair Idris]].
==Early life==
In 1241, he is recorded as having been handed over to [[Henry III of England]] as a hostage with his younger brother, as part of an agreement. He may have come of age under Welsh law on 11 July 1252, on which date he issued, in front of his mother, Senena, and the [[Bishop of Bangor]], a charter as lord of the commote of Cymydmaen, at the outer reaches of the [[Llŷn Peninsula]].
In 1255, he joined his brother, Owain, in a challenge to their brother, Llywelyn, but Llywelyn defeated them at the [[Battle of Bryn Derwin]]. Dafydd was imprisoned, but Llywelyn released him the following year and restored him to favour. In 1263, he joined King Henry in an attack on his brother. After Llywelyn was acknowledged by King Henry as Prince of Wales in 1267, Dafydd was again restored to Llywelyn's favour, but in 1274, he joined [[Edward I of England|King Edward I of England]] to challenge Llywelyn once again. In 1277, following the [[Treaty of Aberconwy]], he was reconciled, finally, with his brother.
==Family==
Parents: Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (died 1244) and his wife Senana.
Brothers:
*[[Owain Goch ap Gruffydd]] (died c. 1282)
*[[Llywelyn the Last|Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], Prince of Wales (lured into a trap and put to death, 11 December 1282) married [[Eleanor de Montfort]], daughter of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], [[Earl of Leicester]]. They had one daughter, Gwenllian. Eleanor died in childbirth at the royal home [[Garth Celyn]] on 19 June 1282.
*[[Rhodri ap Gruffudd]] (died c.1315) married 1) Beatrice, daughter of David of Malpas. 2) unknown. He had a son [[Thomas ap Rhodri]] (died 1363) by his second marriage, who was the father of [[Owain Lawgoch|Owain ap Thomas]] (died 1378).
Sisters:
*[[Margaret ferch Gruffudd]] married [[Madog ap Gruffudd]] (died 1277) of Powys Fadog. They had two sons, [[Gruffudd ap Madog]] and [[Llywelyn ap Madog]]. The two boys died in mysterious circumstances shortly after the outbreak of war in 1282.
Thomas Pennant<ref>''Tours in Wales'' (1874), citing an MS communicated by the Reverend Mr Price, Keeper of the Bodleian Library.</ref> states that the boys were ‘drowned in the River Dee’ at [[Holt, Wales|Holt]] by their guardians [[John de Warenne, earl of Surrey]], and [[Roger Mortimer the younger]]. D. Powel<ref>''History of Cambria'' (1584).</ref> mentions the ‘destruction’ of the two princes, whose guardians, Warenne and Mortimer, ‘so garded their wardes wit so small regard, that they never returned to their possessions. And shortlie after the said guardians did obtaine the same lands to themselves by charters of the king.’
7 October 1282, [[John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]] was granted the land of Maelor (Bromfield) that had previously held by the two sons of [[Madoc ap Gruffudd]] at the beginning of the war.<ref>''Calendar of Welsh Rolls'', Calendar of Chancery Rolls, Various, London, 1912, page 240).</ref>
Dafydd ap Gruffudd married (sometime after 1265) [[Lady Elizabeth Ferrers]], daughter of [[William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby]], and the widow of [[William Marshal, 2nd Baron]].
*Through the marriage Dafydd came into possession of the manor of [[Folesham]], [[Norfolk]]. He exchanged Folesham with [[John Marshal]] for the manor of [[Norton, Northamptonshire]].
*September 1278, he accepted a grant for life from Edward l, King of England, of the manor of [[Frodsham]], near Chester.<ref>CCR, 1272-79, 317; CPR, 1272-81, 279.</ref>
Children:
After Dafydd's capture his sons were imprisoned for the rest of their lives at [[Bristol Castle]], his daughters were sent to convents.
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==E vugale==
* [[Gwladys ferch Dafydd]] (marvet e 1336)
* Un eizh bennak a vesterd, hag en o zouez [[Dafydd Goch]]
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==Prince of Wales==
At Easter 1282, Dafydd ap Gruffudd attacked [[Hawarden Castle (medieval)|Hawarden Castle]], thereby starting the final conflict with [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet-ruled]] England, in the course of which Welsh independence was lost. The last [[Tywysog]] of [[Gwynedd]] and Prince of Wales, Dafydd was leader of his nation only for a few months after his brother Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's death.
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, had been lured into a trap and put to death on 11 December 1282 (see corr. of [[Archbishop]] [[John Peckham]], Lambeth Palace Archives) {{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Dafydd was his brother's successor but by January 1282, Edward of England had the heartland of independent Wales ringed with a massive army. With limited resources of manpower and equipment available to him, Dafydd moved down to [[Castell y Bere]]. In April, Castell y Bere was besieged by over 3,000 men and the small Welsh garrison, commanded by [[Cynfrig ap Madog]], surrendered on 25 April. Dafydd escaped and moved north to [[Dolbadarn Castle]], a guardpost in the Peris Valley at the foot of [[Snowdon]]. In May 1283, he was forced to move again, this time to the mountains above the Welsh royal home [[Garth Celyn]].
<blockquote> "Those who survived fled for refuge to the inaccesible rocks of Snowdonia and David with a few followers hid himself for some months at different places and suffered hunger and cold. At last he retreated to a bog (Nanhysglain), near Bera Mountain about four miles above Aber with his wife two sons and seven daughters. His place of retreat was known to Einion Bishop of Bangor and Gronw ab Dafydd, who basely betrayed him." <ref name=GarthCelyn>[http://www.abergwyngregyn.co.uk/html/body_hafod_garth_celyn.html Hafod Garth Celyn ]</ref> </blockquote>
On 22 June, Dafydd and his younger son [[Owain ap Dafydd]] were captured at Nanhysglain, a secret hiding place in a bog by Bera Mountain to the south of [[Garth Celyn]]. Dafydd, seriously wounded (''graviter vulneratus'') in the struggle, was brought to King Edward's camp at [[Rhuddlan]] that same night (Cotton Vesp. B xi, f30). Dafydd was taken from here to [[Chester]] and then on to [[Shrewsbury]]. Dafydd's wife [[Elizabeth de Ferrers]], their seven daughters, and their infant niece, [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn]], were also taken prisoner at the same time. Whether they were with Dafydd and Owain at Bera is not recorded, but it is likely.
On 28 June, [[Llywelyn ap Dafydd]] was captured. Edward triumphantly proclaimed that the last of the 'treacherous lineage', princes of the 'turbulent nation', was now in his grasp, captured by men of his own nation (''per homines lingue sue''). <ref>Note: Much has been read into this latter statement regarding Llywelyn ap Dafydd's betrayal, but it has to be taken in context with the other events of 1283, the fact that Llywelyn's father and brother had been taken, and the size of the army that had by now occupied Snowdonia.</ref>
Welsh resistance to the invasion temporarily came to an end.
On 28 June, Edward issued writs to summon a parliament to meet at Shrewsbury, to discuss Dafydd's fate.
On 30 September, Dafydd ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, was condemned to death, the first person known to have been tried and executed for what from that time onwards would be described as [[high treason]] against the King. Edward ensured that Dafydd's death was to be slow and agonising, and also historic; he became the first prominent person in recorded history to have been [[hanged, drawn and quartered]], preceded by a number of minor knights earlier in the thirteenth century.
Dafydd was dragged through the streets of [[Shrewsbury]] attached to a horse's tail then hanged alive, revived, then disembowelled and his entrails burned before him for 'his sacrilege in committing his crimes in the week of Christ's passion,' and then his body cut into four quarters 'for plotting the king's death'.
Geoffrey of Shrewsbury was paid 20s. for carrying out the gruesome task on 3 October 1283 (though some sources give the date as 2 October).
One cadet member of the ruling [[House of Cunedda]] also survived, [[Madog ap Llywelyn]], who later rallied the people of Wales to the banner of Gwynedd one last time.
==Notennoù==
[[Category:Welsh monarchs]]
[[Category:Executed reigning monarchs]]
[[Category:People executed by hanging, drawing and quartering]]
[[Category:People executed for treason against England]]
[[Category:1238 births]]
[[Category:1283 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed under the Plantagenets]]
[[Category:House of Cunedda]]
[[Category:Executed Welsh people]]
[[Category:History of Gwynedd]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Europe]]
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== E varv ==
*Daou vab en doe, [[Llywelyn ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd|Llywelyn]] hag [[Owain ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd|Owain]]. Bac'het e voent e kastell [[Bristol (Bro-Saoz)|Bristol]]: Llywelyn a varvas e miz Meurzh [[1338]] hag Owain a oa bev c'hoazh e miz Eost [[1325]]. Mennet e oa Edward da ziouennañ Tiegezh Gwynedd da viken.
*E verc'h [[Gwladys ferch Dafydd ap Gruffudd|Gwladys]], a voe kaset da leandi [[Sixhills]] e [[Lincolnshire]], e reter [[Bro-Saoz]], ma varvas en [[1336]], evel ma oa bet kaset he c'heniterv [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn|Gwenllian]] da leandi [[Sempringham]]. O mibien a oa
<!--Their sons were both imprisoned at [[Bristol Castle]]; [[Llywelyn ap Dafydd]] died at Bristol Castle in mysterious circumstances in 1287 or 1288 -->
*E niz [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] a gendalc'has gant ar stourm ur pennadig e penn arme Gwynedd.
*Hervez dihelloù zo en dije bet ur mab bastard [[Dafydd Goch]], ha seizh merc'h bastard. Diskennidi [[Dafydd Goch]] o deus bevet e [[Nant Conwy]] e-pad meur a gantved.
==Lec'hanvadurezh==
Gallout a rafe [[Carnedd Dafydd]], en [[Eryri]], bezañ anvet diwar e anv.
{{Tierniezh|diaraoger=Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|warlerc'hiad=Den ebet |anv='''Dafydd ap Gruffudd'''<br />[[Roue Gwynedd]]<br /> [[1282]]-[[1283]] }} ▼
== Lennadurezh==
*Ralph Maud, ''Dafydd Tywysog Olaf Cymru'' ('Cofiwn', 1983). Cyfieithiad o'r erthygl Saesneg a gyhoeddywd yn ''Trafodion Anrhydeddus Gymdeithas y Cymmrodorion'', 1968.
*J. Beverly Smith, ''Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Tywysog Cymru'' (Caerdydd, 1986)
===E saozneg===
*Pryce, Huw (ed.) ''The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120-1283'' (Cardiff, 2005).
*Smith, J. Beverley ''Llywelyn ap Gruffudd'', 1998, p.579
==Liammoù diavaez==
*[http://www.llywelyn.co.uk Ymddiriedolaeth Aber]
▲{{Tierniezh|diaraoger=Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|warlerc'hiad=Den ebet |anv='''Dafydd ap Gruffudd'''<br />[[Roue Gwynedd]]<br /> [[1282]]-[[1283]] }}
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