Ruzenn : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
lañs
 
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
lañs
Linenn 1:
{{LabourAChom}}
 
Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''kensonenn dre daravat''' ([[Saozneg|saoz.]]: [[:en:Fricative consonant|''fricative consonant'']]) war dachenn ar [[fonetik]] hag ar [[fonologiezh]] evit komz eus ur [[kensonenn|gensonenn]] ma vez tostaet daou [[organ fonadur]] an eil ouzh egile betek ma vez $distrurbed red an aer o tont eus ar [[skevent]] .
 
A particular subset of fricatives are the '''[[sibilant]]s''' (sometimes referred to as $'''stridentsspirantal'''). When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English {{IPA|[s]}}, {{IPA|[z]}}, {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} are examples of this.
 
Setu ar c'hensonenn dre serriñ pennañ gant bep o arouezenn hervez reolennoù treuzskrivañ al [[LFE|lizherenneg fonetikel etrebroadel]]:
Linenn 11:
 
==Sibilant fricatives==
* {{IPA|[s]}} [[voiceless alveolar fricative|voiceless coronal sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[z]}} [[voiced alveolar fricative|voiced coronal sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[s’]}} [[alveolar ejective fricative|ejective coronal sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[s̪]}} [[voiceless dental sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[z̪]}} [[voiced dental sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[s̺]}} [[voiceless apicoalveolar fricative|voiceless apical sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[z̺]}} [[voiced apicoalveolar fricative|voiced apical sibilant]]
* {{IPA|[s̠]}} [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|voiceless postalveolar sibilant]] (laminal)
* {{IPA|[z̠]}} [[voiced postalveolar fricative|voiced postalveolar sibilant]] (laminal)
* {{IPA|[ʃ]}} [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]] (domed, partially palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ʒ]}} [[voiced postalveolar fricative|voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]] (domed, partially palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ɕ]}} [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant]] (laminal, palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ʑ]}} [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant]] (laminal, palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ʂ]}} [[voiceless retroflex fricative|voiceless retroflex sibilant]] (apical or sub-apical)
* {{IPA|[ʐ]}} [[voiced retroflex fricative|voiced retroflex sibilant]] (apical or sub-apical)
 
All [[sibilants]] are [[coronal consonant|coronal]], but may be [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]], or [[palatal consonant|palatal]] ([[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation the tongue may take several shapes: domed, [[laminal consonant|laminal]], or [[apical consonant|apical]], and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are [[sub-apical consonant|sub-apical]] and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
 
==Central non-sibilant fricatives==
* {{IPA|[ɸ]}} [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[β]}} [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[f]}} [[voiceless labiodental fricative]]
* {{IPA|[v]}} [[voiced labiodental fricative]]
* {{IPA|[θ̼]}} [[voiceless linguolabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð̼]}} [[voiced linguolabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[θ̟]}} [[voiceless interdental fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð̟]}} [[voiced interdental fricative]]
* {{IPA|[θ]}} [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð]}} [[voiced dental fricative|voiced dental nonsibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[θ̠], [ɹ̝̊]}} [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiceless alveolar nonsibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð̠], [ɹ̝]}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative#The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiced alveolar nonsibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ç]}} [[voiceless palatal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʝ]}} [[voiced palatal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[x]}} [[voiceless velar fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɣ]}} [[voiced velar fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɧ]}} [[voiceless palatal-velar fricative]] (articulation disputed)
* {{IPA|[χ]}} [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ħ]}} [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʜ]}} [[voiceless epiglottal fricative]]
 
==Lateral fricatives==
* {{IPA|[ɬ]}} [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|voiceless coronal lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɮ]}} [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative|voiced coronal lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɬ̢]}} [[voiceless retroflex lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʎ̥]}} [[voiceless palatal lateral fricative]] (needs a raising diacritic: {{IPA|[ʎ̝̊]}})
* {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]]
 
==Symbols used for both fricatives and approximants==
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} [[voiced uvular fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʕ]}} [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʢ]}} [[voiced epiglottal fricative]]
 
No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from [[approximants]] at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the [[raised (phonetics)|uptack]] to the letters, {{IPA|[ʁ̝, ʕ̝, ʢ̝]}}. Likewise, the [[lowered (phonetics)|downtack]] may be added to specify an approximant realization, {{IPA|[ʁ̞, ʕ̞, ʢ̞]}}.
 
==Pseudo-fricatives==
 
* {{IPA|[h]}} [[voiceless glottal fricative|voiceless glottal transition]]
* {{IPA|[ɦ]}} [[voiced glottal fricative|breathy-voiced glottal transition]]
 
The glottal "fricatives" are actually unaccompanied [[phonation]] states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, they are called fricatives for historical reasons.
 
In addition, {{IPA|[ʍ]}} is usually called a "[[voiceless labial-velar fricative]]", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly-articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see [[voiceless palatal-velar fricative]] for a putative (and rather controversial) example.