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Linenn 1: {{LabourAChom}} Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''kensonenn dre dostaat''' ([[Saozneg\|saoz.]]: [[:en:Approximant consonant\|''approximant'']]) war dachenn ar [[fonetik]] hag ar [[fonologiezh]] evit komz eus ur [[kensonenn\|gensonenn]] ma vez tostaet un [[organ fonadur]] ouzh unan all hep ma vefe vez fichet pe taravet betek re red an aer o tont eus ar [[skevent]], da ~~lârete~~lâret eo int digoroc'h evit ar [[kensonenn dre daravat\|c'hensonennoù dre daravat]] met seroc'h evit ar [[vogalenn\|vogalennoù]]. This class of sounds includes [[Lateral consonant\|lateral]] approximants like [l], as in ''lip'', and approximants like [j] and [w] in ''yes'' and ''well'' which correspond closely to [[vowel]]s and [[semivowel]]s. For places of articulation further back in the mouth, languages do not contrast voiced fricatives and approximants. Therefore the IPA allows the symbols for the voiced fricatives to double for the central approximants, with or without a lowering [[diacritic]]. ▼ ~~==Corresponding vowels==~~ [[palatal consonant\|Palatal]] approximants correspond to [[front vowel]]s, [[velar consonant\|velar]] approximants to [[back vowel]]s, and labialized approximants to [[rounded vowel]]s. They are typically briefer and closer than the corresponding vowels. : '''Kensonenn dre dostaat a-greiz''' ~~==Approximants vs. fricatives==~~ :: [β̞] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat divouezh, d.s. [[.]] $ When emphasized, approximants may be slightly fricated (that is, the airstream may become slightly turbulent), which is reminiscent of fricatives. Examples are the ''y'' of English ''yes!'' (especially when lengthened) and the "weak" [[allophones]] of [[Spanish pronunciation\|Spanish]] ''b, d, g'', which are often transcribed as fricatives (often due perhaps to a lack of dedicated approximant symbols). However, such frication is generally slight and intermittent, unlike the strong turbulence of fricative consonants. :: [ʋ] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat mouezhiet, d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ð̞] kensonenn dent dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ɹ] kensonenn kevig dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ʒ̞] kensonenn drekkevig dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ɻ] kensonenn tro-gil dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [j] kensonenn $palatal dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ɰ] kensonenn $velar dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ʁ̞] kensonenn $uvular dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ʕ̞] kensonenn $pharyngeal dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ :: [ʢ̞] kensonenn ankoue dre dostaat (mouezhiet), d.s. [[.]] $ : '''Kensonenn dre dostaat a-gostez''' This confusion is also common with voiceless approximants, which necessarily have a certain amount of fricative-like noise. For example, the voiceless labialized velar approximant {{IPA\|[ʍ]}} has traditionally been called a fricative. [[Tibetan language\|Tibetan]] has a voiceless lateral approximant, {{IPA\|[l̥]}}, and [[Welsh language\|Welsh]] has a voiceless lateral fricative {{IPA\|[ɬ]}}, but the distinction is not always clear from descriptions of these languages. :: [$] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat divouezh, d.s. [[.]] $ ▲For places of articulation further back in the mouth, languages do not contrast voiced fricatives and approximants. Therefore the IPA allows the symbols for the voiced fricatives to double for the central approximants, with or without a lowering [[diacritic]]. :: [$] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat mouezhiet, d.s. [[.]] $ Occasionally the glottal "fricatives" are called approximants, since [h] typically has no more frication than voiceless approximants, but they are often [[phonation]]s of the glottis without any accompanying manner or place of articulation. ~~==Central approximants==~~ [[bilabial approximant]] {{IPA\|[β̞]}} (usually written {{IPA\|<β>}}) [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʋ]}} [[dental approximant]] {{IPA\|[ð̞]}} (usually written {{IPA\|<ð>}}) [[alveolar approximant]] {{IPA\|[ɹ]}} [[postalveolar approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʒ̞]}} [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA\|[ɻ]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[ɚ]}}) [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA\|[j]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[i]}}) [[velar approximant]] {{IPA\|[ɰ]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[ɯ]}}) [[uvular approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʁ̞]}} (usually written {{IPA\|<ʁ>}}) [[pharyngeal approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʕ̞]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}; usually written {{IPA\|<ʕ>}}) [[epiglottal approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʢ̞]}} (usually written {{IPA\|<ʢ>}}) ~~==Lateral approximants==~~ [[alveolar lateral approximant\|voiced alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPA\|[l]}} Linenn 41 ⟶ 33: [[velar lateral approximant]] {{IPA\|[ʟ]}} : '''Kensonenn dre dostaat kendistaget''' ~~==Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols==~~ :: [$] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat divouezh, d.s. [[.]] $ :: [$] kensonenn diweuz dre dostaat mouezhiet, d.s. [[.]] $ [[voiced labial-velar approximant\|voiced labialized velar approximant]] {{IPA\|[w]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[u]}}) Linenn 47 ⟶ 42: [[labial-palatal approximant\|labialized palatal approximant]] {{IPA\|[ɥ]}} (a consonantal {{IPA\|[y]}}) [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPA\|[ɫ]}} ~~==A "central" approximant?==~~ Although many languages have [[central vowel]]s {{IPA\|[ɨ, ʉ]}} which lie between back/velar {{IPA\|[ɯ, u]}} and front/palatal {{IPA\|[i, y]}}, there are no confirmed reports of corresponding approximants. However, [[Mapudungun language\|Mapudungun]] may be a possibility: It has three high vowel sounds, {{IPA\|/i/}}, {{IPA\|/u/}}, {{IPA\|/ɨ/}}, written "i", "u", "ü", and three corresponding consonants, written "y", "w", "q". The first two are clearly {{IPA\|/j/}} and {{IPA\|/w/}}. The "q" is often described as a voiced unrounded velar fricative, but some texts note a correspondence between "q" and {{IPA\|/ɨ/}} that is parallel to {{IPA\|/j/}}-{{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/w/}}-{{IPA\|/u/}}. An example is ''liq'' {{IPA\|/'liɣ/}} "white".<ref>Listen to a [http://www.logosdictionary.org/sound/mp/5119539_n.wav recording]</ref>

Kensonenn dre dostaat : diforc'h etre ar stummoù