Paosanias ar Beajour : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
{{pennad zo|Paosanias}}
 
'''Paosanias''' (Παυσανίας) a oa ur beajour ha douaroniour eus an [[IIvet kantved]], hag a veve en amzer an [[Impalaeriezh roman|impalaered roman]] [[Hadrianus]], [[Antoninus Pius]] ha [[Marcus Aurelius]].
 
<!-- dit le Périégète,-->
Ganet e oa, a greder, e [[Magnesia]] e [[Lidia]], war-dro [[115]] ha mervel a reas e [[Roma]] war-dro [[180]].
 
== Oberenn ==
Brudet eo e oberenn ''[[Deskrivadur Hellaz]]'' (Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις / (Hellàdos Periègesis), un hir a labour diwar-benn Hellaz kozh, savet diwar ar pezh a wele, ul liamm a bouez etre lennegezh klasel ha hendraouriezh a vremañ. SedSetu a skriv Andrew Stewart diwar e benn :<ref> ''One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works'', introduction. {{Fact|date=March 2007}}</ref>
<blockquote> Ur skrivagner war e droad, war evezh, dedennet gant ar veurdez harhag ar saourusted hag ivez gant gweledoù divoazdivoas ha lidoù kevrinus. Dievezh e c'hall bezañ a-wechoù, lavarout traoù diasur, bezaénbezañ diroudet gant e ambrougerien pe e notennoù zoken ; koulskoude n'eus arvar ebet war e onestieonestiz, ha n'eus ket par dezhañ evit a sell an dalvoudegezh. . </blockquote>
 
== E vuhez ==
Moarvat e oa genidik a [[Lidia]], hag anaout a rae aod kornôg [[Azia-Vihanañ]], met beajiñ a reas kalz pelloc'h eget an inizi. A-raok mont da [[Hellaz]] e oa bet en [[Antioch]], [[Jaffa, Israel|Joppa]] ha [[Jeruzalem]], ha war lez ar stêr [[Jordan (stêr)|Jordan]].
 
En [[Henegipt|Egipt]] e oa bet o welet ar [[piramidenn]]où, ha templ [[Amon]] e lec'h ma oavoe diskouezet dezhañ ar meulgan a oa bet kaset d'al lec'h sakr-se gant [[Pindaros]].
 
=== Levrlennadur ===
<!-- In [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] he had almost certainly viewed the traditional tomb of [[Orpheus]]. Crossing over to [[Italy]], he had seen something of the cities of [[Campania]] and of the wonders of [[Rome]]. He was one of the first to write of seeing the ruins of [[Troy]], [[Alexandria Troas]], and [[Mycenae]].
 
== Work ==
Paosanias' ''Description of Greece'' is in ten books, each dedicated to some portion of Greece. He begins his tour in Attica, where the city of Athens and its demes dominate the discussion. Subsequent books describe Corinth, Laconia, Messenia, Elis, Achaia, Arcadia, Boetia, Phocis and Ozolian Locris. The project is more than topographical; it is a cultural geography. Paosanias digresses from description of architectural and artistic objects to review the mythological and historical underpinnings of the society that produced them. As a Greek writing under the auspices of the Roman empire, he found himself in an awkward cultural space, between the glories of the Greek past he was so keen to describe and the realities of a Greece beholden to Rome as a dominating imperial force. His work bears the marks of his attempt to navigate that space and establish an identity for Roman Greece.
 
He is not a naturalist by any means, though he does from time to time comment on the physical realities of the Greek landscape. He notices the pine trees on the sandy coast of [[Elis]], the deer and the wild boars in the oak woods of [[Phelloe]], and the crows amid the giant oak trees of [[Alalcomenae]]. It is mainly in the last section that Paosanias touches on the products of nature, such as the wild strawberries of [[Mount Helicon|Helicon]], the date palms of [[Aulis]], and the olive oil of [[Tithorea]], as well as the tortoises of [[Arcadia]] and the "white blackbirds" of [[Mount Kyllini|Cyllene]].
 
Paosanias is most at home in describing the religious art and architecture of [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] and of [[Delphi]]. Yet, even in the most secluded regions of Greece, he is fascinated by all kinds of quaint and primitive images of the gods, holy relics, and many other sacred and mysterious objects. At [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] he views the shields of those who died at the [[Battle of Leuctra]], the ruins of the house of [[Pindar]], and the statues of [[Hesiod]], [[Arion]], [[Thamyris]], and [[Orpheus]] in the grove of the [[Muse]]s on Helicon, as well as the portraits of [[Corinna]] at [[Tanagra]] and of [[Polybius]] in the cities of [[Arcadia]].
 
Paosanias has the instincts of an [[antiquary]]. As his editor Christian Habicht has said,
:"In general he prefers the old to the new, the sacred to the profane; there is much more about classical than about contemporary Greek art, more about temples, altars and images of the gods, than about public buildings and statues of politicians. Some magnificent and dominating structures, such as the [[Stoa of Attalos|Stoa of King Attalus]] in the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|Athenian Agora]] (rebuilt by [[Homer Thompson]]) or the Exedra of [[Herodes Atticus]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] are not even mentioned."<ref>Christian Habicht, "An Ancient Baedeker and His Critics: Paosanias' 'Guide to Greece'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' '''129'''.2 (June 1985:220-224) p. 220.</ref>
 
Paosanias' ''Periegesis'', unlike a [[Baedeker|Baedeker guide]], stops for a brief excursus on a point of ancient ritual or to tell an apposite myth, in a genre that would not become popular again until the early nineteenth century. In the topographical part of his work, Paosanias is fond of digressions on the wonders of nature, the signs that herald the approach of an earthquake, the phenomena of the tides, the ice-bound seas of the north, and the noonday sun which at the summer solstice casts no shadow at Syene ([[Aswan]]). While he never doubts the existence of the gods and heroes, he sometimes criticizes the myths and legends relating to them. His descriptions of monuments of art are plain and unadorned. They bear the impression of reality, and their accuracy is confirmed by the extant remains. He is perfectly frank in his confessions of ignorance. When he quotes a book at second hand he takes pains to say so.
 
The work, all ten volumes of it, was a failure. "It was not read," Habicht relates— "there is not a single mention of the author, not a single quotation from it, not a whisper before [[Stephanus Byzantius]] in the sixth century, and only two or three references to it throughout the Middle Ages".<ref>Habich 1985:220.</ref> We came perilously close to losing it altogether, in fact: the only manuscripts of Paosanias are fifteenth-century copies, full of errors and lacunae. Until twentieth-century archaeologists found that Paosanias was a reliable guide to the sites they were excavating,<ref>In this [[Heinrich Schliemann]] was a maverick and forerunner: a close reading of Paosanias guided him to the royal tombs at [[Mycenae]].</ref> Paosanias was largely dismissed by nineteenth- and early twentieth-century classicists of a purely literary bent, who followed the authoritative [[Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|Wilamowitz]] in discrediting him, as a purveyor of literature quoted at second-hand, who, it was suggested, had not actually visited most of the places he described. The experience of a century of archaeologists has fully vindicated him.<ref>Habich 1985 describes an embarrassing episode in which Wilamowitz was led astray by misreading Paosanias, in front of an august party of travellers, in 1873, and attributes to it Wilamowitz' lifelong antipathy and distrust of Paosanias.</ref>
 
==References==
=== See also ===
* [[Travel literature]]
 
=== External links ===
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=paus.+1.1.1 Description of Greece], tr. W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod (1918)
*[http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1A.html Description of Greece], Jones translation at Theoi Project
*[http://bsa.biblio.univ-lille3.fr/pausanias.htm Bibliography (in French)]
-->
 
=== Levrlennadur ===
* Akujärvi, Johanna 2005, ''Researcher, Traveller, Narrator: Studies in Pausanias' Periegesis'' (Stockholm). ISBN 91-22-02134-5.
* Alcock, S.E., J.F. Cherry, and J. Elsner 2001, ''Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece'' (Oxford). ISBN 0-19-517132-2.
Linenn 50 ⟶ 23:
* Pretzler, Maria. "Turning Travel into Text: Pausanias at work", ''Greece & Rome'', Vol.&nbsp;51, Issue&nbsp;2 (2004), pp.&nbsp;199–216.
 
=== Liammoù diavaez ===
 
 
 
=== Notennoù ===
<references />
 
=== Liammoù diavaez ===
{{wikimammenn|en:Pausanias|Paosanias}}
* [http://bsa.biblio.univ-lille3.fr/pausanias.htm Levrlennadur diwar Paosanias]
* [http://www.mediterranees.net/geographie/pausanias/sommaire.html Paosanias, troet gant Gédoyn, 1794 (e galleg)]
* [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/pausanias/table.htm troet gant Clavier, 1821 (e galleg)]
 
=== Notennoù ===
{{Daveoù}}
 
[[Rummad:Douaroniourien Gres]]