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Kensonenn gweuz-gouel : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''kensonenn gweuz-drekstaon''' ([[Saozneg|saoz.]]: [[:en:Labial-velar consonant|''labial-velar consonant'']]) war dachenn ar [[fonetik]] hag ar [[fonologiezh]] evit komz eus ur [[kensonenn|gensonenn]] [[kensonenn kendistaget|kendistaget]] ganti ar [[kensonenn gweuz traoñ|diweuz]] hag an [[kensonenn drekstaon|drekstaon]] da [[lec'h distagañ|lec'hioù distagañ]] pennañ war un dro.
 
Labial-velar plosives also occur as [[ejective consonant|ejective]] [k͡p’]} and [[implosive consonant|implosive]] [ɠɓ].
 
Setu ar c'hensonennoù gweuz-drekstaon pennañ gant bep o arouezenn hervez reolennoù treuzskrivañ al [[LFE|lizherenneg fonetikel etrebroadel]]:
 
Truly doubly articulated labial-velars occur as [[stop consonant|plosive]]s and [[nasal consonant|nasal stop]]s in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa, and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea. They include {{IPA|[k͡p, g͡b, ŋ͡m]}}. The [[Yélî Dnye language]] of [[Rossel Island]], [[Papua New Guinea]], has both labial-velars and [[labial-alveolar consonant]]s. Labial velar unvoiced plosives and nasals also occur in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], albeit only at the end of words. ▼
'''Labial-velar consonants''' are doubly articulated at the [[Soft_palate|velum]] and the [[lip]]s. They are sometimes called "[[labiovelar consonant]]s", a term which can also refer to [[labialization|labialized]] velars, such as the [[approximant]] {{IPA|[w]}}.
 
▲Truly doubly articulated labial-velars occur as [[stop consonant|plosive]]s and [[nasal consonant|nasal stop]]s in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa, and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea. They include {{IPA|[k͡p, g͡b, ŋ͡m]}}. The [[Yélî Dnye language]] of [[Rossel Island]], [[Papua New Guinea]], has both labial-velars and [[labial-alveolar consonant]]s. Labial velar unvoiced plosives and nasals also occur in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], albeit only at the end of words.
 
{|border="1px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|-style="background:gray; color:white"
! rowspan="2" | IPA
! rowspan="2" | Description
! colspan="4" | Example
|-style="background:gray; color:white"
! Language
! Orthography
! IPA
! Meaning
|-
! {{IPA|k͡p}}
| [[voiceless labial-velar plosive]]
| [[Logba language|Logba]]
| ò-<span style="color:#700000">'''kp'''</span>àyɔ̀
| {{IPA|[ò-k͡pàjɔ̀]}}
| 'God'
|-
! {{IPA|g͡b}}
| [[voiced labial-velar plosive]]
| [[Ewe language|Ewe]]
| Ewe<span style="color:#700000">'''gb'''</span>e
| {{IPA|[ɛβɛg͡be]}}
| 'the Ewe language'
|-
! {{IPA|ŋ͡m}}
| [[labial-velar nasal]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| cu<span style="color:#700000">'''ng'''</span>
| {{IPA|[kuŋ͡m]}}
| 'sector'
|}
 
To pronounce these, try saying {{IPA|[k, g, ŋ]}}, but close your lips as you would for {{IPA|[p, b, m]}}. Then release just as you would do to produce these sounds. Note that while 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar, so that the preceding vowel sounds like it's followed by a velar, while the following vowel sounds like it's following a labial. Thus the order of the symbols in {{IPA|k͡p}} and {{IPA|g͡b}} is motivated by the phonetic details of these sounds.
 
These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than [[consonant cluster]]s. The [[Eggon language]], for example, contrasts these possbilities, with /bg/ and /gb/ both distinct from {{IPA|/g͡b/}}. Ignoring tone, we have:
 
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=2|SingleKensonenn consonanteeun!!colspan=2|Two-consonantDiv sequencegensonenn renk-ouzh-renk
|-
|{{IPA|pom}}||''to pound'' ||{{IPA|kba}}||''to dig''
|-
|{{IPA|abu}}||''a dog'' ||{{IPA|bga}}||''to beat, to kill''
|-
|{{IPA|aku}}||''a room'' ||{{IPA|ak͡pki}}||''a stomach''
|-
|{{IPA|gom}}||''to break'' ||{{IPA|g͡bga}}||''to grind''
|-
|{{IPA|k͡pu}}||''to die'' ||{{IPA|kpu}}||''to kneel''
|-
|{{IPA|g͡bu}}||''to arrive'' ||{{IPA|gba}}||''to divide''
|}
 
For transcribing these sounds, occasionally ligatures will be seen instead of digraphs with a tie bar:
 
[[ImageSkeudenn:Labial velars.png]]
 
Note that although such symbols are readily understood, they are not sanctioned by the IPA, and have no [[Unicode]] values. They can, however, be specified as the way an [[OpenType]] font displays ''gb'' and ''kp'' digraphs. ▼
 
 
▲Note that although such symbols are readily understood, they are not sanctioned by the IPA, and have no [[Unicode]] values. They can, however, be specified as the way an [[OpenType]] font displays ''gb'' and ''kp'' digraphs.
 
Labial-velar plosives also occur as [[ejective consonant|ejective]] {{IPA|[k͡p’]}} and [[implosive consonant|implosive]] {{IPA|[ɠɓ]}} (the tie bar has been removed for legibility). There may be labial-velar approximants in languages like [[Japanese language|Japanese]]; see [[labiovelar consonant]]. The only other labial-velar consonants are the velar [[bilabial click]]s.
{{kensonennoù}}
 
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