Kemmadur (yezhoniezh) : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
DDiverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 8:
 
* [[Japaneg]]
:Rendaku (meaning sequential voicing) is a mutation of the initial consonant of a non-initial component in a Japanese compound word. Some compounds exhibiting rendaku:
:$
nigiri + sushi → nigirizushi ("squeeze" + "sushi" → "hand-shaped sushi")
nigori + sake → nigorizake ("muddy" + "rice wine" → "unfiltered sake")
 
Nigori in "nigorizake" and the daku in "rendaku" are actually different readings (see On-yomi and Kun-yomi) of the same kanji 濁, because voiced and unvoiced consonants are described in Japanese as opaque and clear.
 
* [[Yezhoù malayek-polinezek|Yezhoù aostronezek]], d.s. [[indonezeg]]-[[malayeg]]:
:The active form of a multisyllabic verb with an initial stop consonant or fricative consonant is formed by prefixing the verb stem with meN-, in which N stands for a nasal consonant sharing the place of articulation as the initial consonant.
:$
 
* garuk → menggaruk (= to scratch), hitung → menghitung (= to count),
* beri → memberi (= to give), fitnah → memfitnah (= to falsely accuse),
* cari → mencari (= to search), dapat → mendapat (= to obtain), *jangkau → menjangkau (= to reach)
 
If the initial consonant is an unvoiced stop or s, it disappears, leaving only the nasal in its place.
 
* kandung → mengandung (= to contain or to be pregnant),
* putih → memutih (= to turn white),
* satu → menyatu (= to become one / to unite),
* tulis → menulis (= to write).
 
Applied to verbs starting with a vowel, the nasal consonant is realized as ng ([ŋ]).
 
Monosyllabic verbs add an epenthetic vowel before prefixing, producing the prefix menge-.
 
* bor (= boring tool / drill) → mengebor (= to make a hole with drill).
 
Verbs starting with a nasal or approximant consonant do not add the mutant nasal at all, just me-
 
* [[Yezhoù outoek-aztekek]], d.s. [[paiouteg ar su]]
:For example, the absolutive suffix -pi appears in different forms, according to which noun stem it is suffixed to:
:$
: movi-ppi 'nose'
: sappI-vi 'belly'
: aŋo-mpi 'tongue'
 
* [[Yezhoù nigerek-kongoek]], d.s. [[fouleg]]
For example, the stems rim- 'free man' and [ɣim-] 'person' have the following forms:
:$
: [rimɓe] (class 2), dimo (class 1), ndimon (class 6)
: [ɣimɓe] (class 2), gimɗo (class 1), ŋgimkon (class 6)
 
* [[Yezhoù nilotek]], d.s. [[dolouoeg]]:
: ''gɔ'''t''''' 'hill' (abs.) - ''go'''d''''' (const.)
:$
: ''tʃo'''g'''o'' 'bone' (abs.) - ''tʃo'''k''''' (const.)
 
* [[Yezhoù germanek]], d.s. [[saozneg]]:
Linenn 28 ⟶ 57:
* [[Yezhoù semitek]], d.s. [[hebraeg|hebraeg a-vremañ]]:
$
 
* [[Yezhoù slavek]], d.s. [[ruseg]]:
Russian
 
In Russian, consonant mutation and alternations are a very common phenomenon during word formation, conjugation and in comparative adjectives.
 
The most common classes of mutations involve
 
* velar/postalveolar alternation /k/→/tɕ/ (к→ч), /g/→/ʐ/ (г→ж), /x/→/ʂ/ (х→ш): тихий/тише (comparative adjective: quiet→quieter)
* Gain/loss of palatalization: царь/царский (adjective formation: tsar (n.)/ tsar (adj.))
 
Other common mutations are:
 
* /t/→/tɕ/ / /d/→/ʐ/:
* /z/→/ʐ/ / /s/→/ʂ/ / /ts/→/tɕ/
* /sk/→/ɕː/ (ск→щ): плеск → плещет
 
 
$sometimes fossilized as in english.
Linenn 35 ⟶ 81:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! BretonBrezhoneg !! IrishIwerzhoneg !! WelshKembraeg !! Gloss
|-
| gwreg || bean || gwraig || ''woman''