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An darn vrasañ eus yezhoù ar bed avat ne ra diforc'h [[fonologiezh|fonologel]] ebet etre vogalennoù hir ha vogalennoù berr. Pa pa graet un diforc'h etre hirder ar vogalennoù e vez lakaet ar c'hemm dreist-holl etre vogalennoù berr diouzh un tu ha vogalennoù hir diouzh an tu all evel e [[brezhoneg]]. Kalz raloc'h avat eo ar yezhoù, an [[estoneg]] en o zouez, a diforc'h etre tri derez hirder, da skouer:
:berr/plaen: ''saadasada'' {{IPA|[saːdasada]}} ("tizhout/kaout"kant)"
:hir: ''saada'' {{IPA|[saˑdasaːda]}} ("kasit!tizhout/kaout")
:hit-tre: ''sadasaada'' {{IPA|[sadasaˑda]}} ("kantkasit!")"
==Hirder vogalennek alofonennek==
==Vowel length and related features==
Stag e c'hell bezañ an hirder vogalennek ouzh perzhioù fonetikel all, da skouer
Stress is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is [[lexical stress|lexical]]. For example, [[French language|French]] long vowels always occur on stressed syllables. [[Finnish language|Finnish]], a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length. This gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel, e.g. ''i-s'''o'''''. ▼
▲Stress: islec'h often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it isan [[ lexical stress|lexicaltaol-mouezh]] . For example, [[French language|French]] long vowels always occur on stressed syllables. [[Finnish language|Finnish]], a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length. This gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel, e.g. ''i-s'''o'''''.
Among the languages that have distinctive vowel length, there are some where it may only occur in stressed syllables, e.g. in the [[Alemannic German]] dialect. In languages such as [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]] or [[Latin|Classical Latin]], vowel length is distinctive in unstressed syllables as well. Imitating long vowels in unstressed syllables is surprisingly easy for anyone trained in singing: e.g., consider a loud but short eighth note followed by a softer quarter note.
In [[Baltic-Finnic languages]], such as Finnish, vowel length is sometimes better analyzed as a sequence of two identical vowels. The simplest example follows from [[consonant gradation]]: ''haka → haan''. In some cases, it is caused by a following [[chroneme]], which is etymologically a consonant, e.g. ''jää'' " ← [[Proto-Finno-Ugric]] *''jäŋe''. In noninitial syllables, it is ambiguous if long vowels are vowel clusters — poems written in the [[Kalevala meter]] often syllabicate between the vowels, and an (etymologically original) intervocalic ''-h-'' is seen in this and some modern dialects.
==Hirder vogalennek fonemek==
==Phonemic vowel length==
Many languages have phonemic long and short vowels: [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Hungarian Language|Hungarian]], etc.
==Notations in the Latin alphabet==
===Diacritics===
* [[Macron]], (ā), used to indicate a long vowel in [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and many transcription schemes, including romanizations for [[Sanskrit]], the [[Hepburn romanization]] for [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Yale_romanization#Korean|Yale]] for [[Korean language|Korean]]. While not a feature in [[Latin]] proper, the macron is also used as a teaching aid in modern Latin textbooks.
** [[Breve]]s, (ă), are used to mark short vowels in several [[linguistics|linguistic]] transcription systems, as well as in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].
* [[Acute accent]], (á), used to indicate a long vowel in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].
* [[Circumflex]], (â), used for example in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]. As with acute accents, a vowel with an accent is long, with other vowels being short. The circumflex is occasionally used as a surrogate for the macrons, particularly in the [[Kunrei-shiki]] romanization of Japanese.
* [[Ogonek]], (ą), used in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] to indicate long vowels.
===Additional letters===
* '''Vowel doubling''', used consistently in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]] and in closed syllables in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. Example: Finnish ''tuuli'' {{IPA|/ˈtuːli/}} 'wind' vs. ''tuli'' {{IPA|/ˈtuli/}} 'fire'.
** Estonian also has a rare "overlong" vowel length, but does not distinguish this from the normal long vowel in writing; see the example below.
* '''Consonant doubling''' is very common in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. The system is somewhat inconsistent, especially in loan-words, around consonant clusters and with word final nasal consonants. Examples:
'''Consistent use:''' ''byta'' {{IPA|/ˈbyːta/}} 'to change' vs ''bytta'' {{IPA|/ˈbyta/}} 'tub' and ''koma'' {{IPA|/ˈkoːma/}} 'coma' vs ''komma'' {{IPA|/ˈkoma/}} 'to come'
'''Inconsistent use:''' ''fält'' {{IPA|/ˈfɛlt/}} 'a field' and ''kam'' {{IPA|/ˈkam/}} 'a comb' (but the verb 'to comb' is ''kamma'')
* [[Milanese|Classical Milanese]] orthography uses consonant doubling in closed short syllables. Eg. ''lenguagg'' 'language' and ''pubblegh'' 'public'.<ref>http://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Carlo_Porta</ref>
* ''ie'' is used to mark the long {{IPA|/iː/}} sound in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and in [[German language|German]]. In German, this is due to the preservation and generalization of a historical ''ie'' spelling that originally represented the sound {{IPA|/iə̯/}}. In northern German, a following ''e'' letter lengthens other vowels as well, e.g. in the name [[Bernkastel-Kues|Kues]] {{IPA|/kuːs/}}.
* A following ''h'' is frequently used in [[German language|German]] and older [[Swedish language|Swedish]] spelling, e.g. German ''Zahn'' [tsaːn] 'tooth'.
* In [[Czech language|Czech]], the additional letter '''ů''' is used for the long U sound, where the character is known as a [[kroužek]], e.g. ''kůň'' "horse". (This actually developed from the [[ligature]] "uo", which signified the [[diphthong]] /uo/, which later shifted to /uː/.)
===Other signs===
* [[Colon (punctuation)]], commonly used in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic transcription but no native writing systems. Vowel length can also be signified by a half-colon (a colon with only the top dot), meaning half-long, and a double colon, meaning twice as long as a regular vowel. This "colon" is actually two triangles facing each other in an [[hourglass shape]] instead of the usual two dots. A [[breve]] is used to mark a short vowel.
::Estonian has a three-way phonemic contrast:
:::''saada'' {{IPA|[saːda]}} "to get"
:::''saada'' {{IPA|[saˑda]}} "send!"
:::''sada'' {{IPA|[sada]}} "hundred"
::Although not phonemic, the distinction can also be illustrated in certain dialects of English:
:::''bead'' {{IPA|[biːd]}}
:::''beat'' {{IPA|[biˑt]}}
:::''bit'' {{IPA|[bɪt]}}
* [[Interpunct]], commonly used in non-IPA phonetic transcription, such as the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] system developed by linguists for transcribing the indigenous languages of the Americas. Example: Americanist {{IPA|[tʰo·]}} = IPA {{IPA|[tʰoː]}}.
* Some languages make no distinction in writing. This is particularly the case with ancient languages such as [[Latin]] and [[Old English language|Old English]]. Modern edited texts often use macrons with long vowels, however. [[Australian English]] does not distinguish the vowels {{IPA|/æ/}} from {{IPA|/æː/}} in spelling, with words like ‘span’ or ‘can’ having different pronunciations depending on meaning.
==Notations in other writing systems==
In non-Latin writing systems, a variety of mechanisms have also evolved.
* In abjads derived from the [[Aramaic alphabet]], notably [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], long vowels are written with consonant letters (mostly [[approximant consonant]] letters), while short vowels are typically omitted entirely. Most of these scripts also have optional diacritics that can be used to mark short vowels when needed.
* In [[South-Asian]] [[abugida]]s, such as [[Devanagari]] or the [[Thai alphabet]], there are different vowel signs for short and long vowels.
* In the Japanese [[hiragana]] syllabary, long vowels are usually indicated by adding a vowel character after. For vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, and {{IPA|/uː/}}, the corresponding independent vowel is added. Thus: あ (a), おかあさん, "okaasan", mother; い (i), にいがた "Niigata", city in northern Japan (usu. {{lang|ja|新潟}}, in [[kanji]]); う (u), りゅう (usu. {{lang|ja|竜}}), dragon. The mid-vowels {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} may be written with え (e) (rare) (ねえさん ({{lang|ja|姉さん}}), neesan, "elder sister") and お (o) [おおきい (usu {{lang|ja|大きい}}), ookii, big] , or with い (i) (めいれい ({{lang|ja|命令}}), "meirei", command/order) and う (u) (おうさま ({{lang|ja|王様}}), ousama, "king") depending on etymological, morphological, and historic grounds.
** Most long vowels in the [[katakana]] syllabary are written with a special bar symbol ー (vertical in [[tategaki|vertical writing]]), called a [[chōon]], as in メーカー ''mēkā'' "maker" instead of メカ ''meka'' "[[mecha]]". However, some long vowels are written with additional vowel characters, as with hiragana, with the distinction being orthographically significant.
* In the [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Hangul]] alphabet, vowel length is not distinguished in normal writing. Some dictionaries use the <{{IPA|ː}}> symbol, for example <font lang="ko">무</font>ː “[[Daikon|Daikon radish]]”.
==Gwelit ivez:==
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