Republik partenopean : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
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[[Skeudenn:Flag of the Parthenopaean Republic.svg|thumb|Banniel ar Republik Partenopean.
Ar '''Republik partenopean''', pe '''Republik
===Orin ar Republik===
Pa grogas an Dispac'h gall, ne ziskouezas ket [[Ferdinand I an Div Sikilia|Ferdinand IV roue Naplez]] nag e wreg, ar rouanez Maria Carolina, enebiezh vras ouzh an nevezenti; met war-lerc'h diskar an unpenniezh e Bro-C'hall e savjont kreñv a-enep, hag e [[1793]] e kemerjont perzh en unvaniezh kentañ a-enep Bro-C'hall. Heskinet e voe didruez ar re a veze diskred warne da vezañ a-du gant ar C'hallaoued. Kement-se ne viras ket ouzh ar soñjezonoù republikan da vont war-raok e-touez noblañsed ar vro.
E [[1796]] e voe sinet ar peoc'h gant Bro-C'hall , met e [[1798]], p'edo [[Napoleone Buonaparte]] en [[Egipt]], ha war-lerc'h trec'h [[Horatio Nelson|Nelson]] en [[emgann an Nil]], e oa Maria Carolina oc'h isañ Ferdinand da ziskleriañ brezel da v- Bro-C'hall ur wech ouzhpenn. Nelson e-unan a zigouezhas e [[Naplez]] e miz Gwengolo 1798, ha degemeret e voe war an ton bras. 70 000 soudard a oa bet dastumet buan ha buan d'ober arme Naplez dindan ar jeneral [[Aostria|aostrian]][[Karl von Mack]]: d'an [[ 29 a viz Here]] e tegouezhas e Roma, a oa bet kuitaet gant an arme c'hall, da adlakaat ar pab en e wir. Met war-lerc'h un enebargadenn ar c'hallaoued e rankas an arme napolitan kilañ.
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The king hurried back to Naples. Although the ''[[lazzaroni]]'' (the lowest class of the people) were devoted to the [[Bourbon house|Bourbon dynasty]] and ready to defend it, he embarked on the Nelson's ''Vanguard'' and fled with his court to [[Palermo]] in a panic. The prince [[Francesco Pignatelli Strongoli]] took over the city and the fleet was burned.
The wildest confusion prevailed, and the ''lazzaroni'' massacred numbers of persons suspected of republican sympathies, while the nobility and the educated classes, finding themselves abandoned by their king, began to contemplate a [[republic]] under French auspices to avoid [[anarchy (word)|anarchy]]. On [[January 12]], [[1799]], Pignatelli signed in [[Sparanise]] the surrender to the French general [[Jean Étienne Championnet|Championnet]]. When the news of the treaty with the French reached Naples and the provinces, the ''lazzaroni'' rebelled. Those, though ill-armed and ill-disciplined, resisted the enemy with desperate courage. In the meantime the [[Jacobin]] and [[French Revolution|Republican]] parties of Naples surged, and the civil war broke out. On [[20 January]] [[1799]] the Republicans conquered the fortress of [[Castel Sant'Elmo]], and therefore the French could enter the city. The casualties were 8,000 Neapolitans and 1,000 French.
===The Republic===
On [[23 January]] [[1799]] the Parthenopaean Republic was proclaimed: the name ''Parthenope'' refers to an ancient [[Greek colony]] on the site of the future city of Naples (''see [[History of Naples]]''). The Republic had no real domestic constituency, and existed solely due to the power of the French Army, which behaved brutally toward the Neapolitans, engaging in looting and rape. The Republic's leaders were men of culture and high character, but doctrinaire and impractical, and they knew very little of the lower classes of their own country. The new government soon found itself in financial difficulties, owing to Championnet’s demands for money (he was later relieved for graft); it failed to organise the army, and met with little success in its attempts to "democratise" the provinces.
Meanwhile the court at Palermo sent Cardinal [[Fabrizio Ruffo]], a wealthy and influential prelate, to [[Calabria]] to organize a counter-revolution. He succeeded beyond expectation, and with his "Christian army of the Holy Faith" (''[[Esercito Cristiano della Santa Fede]]''), consisting of brigands, convicts, peasants and some soldiers, marched through the kingdom plundering, burning and massacring. An English squadron approached Naples and occupied the island of [[Procida]], but after a few engagements with the Republican fleet commanded by [[Francesco Caracciolo]], an ex-officer in the Bourbon [[navy]], it was recalled to Palermo, as the Franco-Spanish fleet was expected.
Ruffo, supported by the Russian and Turkish ships under command of [[Admiral Ushakov]], now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under [[Méjean]], withdrew. The scattered Republican detachments were defeated, only Naples and [[Pescara]] holding out.
On [[13 June]] [[1799]] Ruffo and his troops reached Naples, and after a desperate battle at the [[Battle of Ponte della Maddalena|Ponte della Maddalena]], entered the city. For weeks the Calabresi and ''lazzaroni'' continued to pillage and massacre, and Ruffo was unable, even if willing, to restrain them. But the Royalists were not masters of the city, for the French in [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and the Republicans in [[Castel Nuovo]] and Castel dell’Ovo still held out and bombarded the streets, while the Franco-Spanish fleet might arrive at any moment. Consequently Ruffo was desperately anxious to come to terms with the Republicans for the evacuation of the castles, in spite of the queen’s orders to make no terms with the rebels. After some negotiation the parties concluded an armistice and agreed on capitulation (''onorevole capitolazione''), whereby the castles were to be evacuated, the hostages liberated and the garrisons free to remain in Naples unmolested or to sail for [[Toulon]].
While the vessels were being prepared for the voyage to Toulon all the hostages in the castles were liberated save four; but on [[24 June]] [[1799]] Nelson arrived with his fleet, and on hearing of the capitulation he refused to recognise it except in so far as it concerned the French.
Ruffo indignantly declared that once the treaty was signed, not only by himself but by the Russian and Turkish commandants and by the British captain Foote, it must be respected, and on Nelson’s refusal he said that he would not help him to capture the castles. On [[26 June]] [[1799]] Nelson changed his attitude and authorised Sir [[William Hamilton (diplomat)|William Hamilton]], the British minister, to inform the cardinal that he (Nelson) would do nothing to break the armistice; while Captains Bell and Troubridge wrote that they had Nelson’s authority to state that the latter would not oppose the embarcation of the Republicans. Although these expressions were equivocal, the Republicans were satisfied and embarked on the vessels prepared for them. But on [[June 28]] Nelson received despatches from the court (in reply to his own), in consequence of which he had the vessels brought under the guns of his ships, and many of the Republicans were arrested. Caracciolo, who had been caught whilst attempting to escape from Naples, was tried by a court-martial of Royalist officers under Nelson’s auspices on board the admiral’s flagship, condemned to death and hanged at the yard arm.
===Aftermath===
On [[8 July]] [[1799]], King Ferdinand arrived from Palermo, and the subsequent trials were conducted in the most arbitrary fashion.
99 persons were executed, such as the intellectual [[Mario Pagano]] who had written the republican constitution; the scientist [[Domenico Cirillo]]; Manthonè, the minister of war under the republic; Massa, the defender of Castel dell’Ovo; [[Ettore Caraffa]], the defender of [[Pescara]], who had been captured by treachery; and [[Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel]], [[court-poet]] turned revolutionary and editor of ''il Monitore Napoletano'', the newspaper of the republican government. More than 500 other people were imprisoned, and some 350 [[deported]] or [[exile]]d.
After these events were reported in Britain, [[Charles James Fox]] denounced Nelson in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for the admiral's part in "The atrocities at the Bay of Naples".
==References==
{{1911}}
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[[Rummad:Naplez]]
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