Fonadur : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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{{Fonadur}}

 

Phonation has traditionally been seen as one dimension of phonetic '''voicing''', the degree of [[glottis|glottal]] tension. (A second dimension of voicing is timing, called ''[[voice onset time]]'', or "VOT". When a sound is described as "half voiced", it may not be clear whether it is quality (phonation) or quantity (VOT) that is referred to.)

However, with recent advances in imaging technology, it has become apparent that in many languages phonation involves more than just the glottis.

 

 

A '''voiced''' sound is produced when air expelled from the [[lungs]] causes the [[vocal folds]] to [[Vibration|vibrate]]. This produces a fundamental tone accompanied by several non-harmonic overtones. The resulting sound is modified by movements in the [[vocal tract]], by the volume of the airflow and by the degree of constriction of the vocal cords. (During speech the flow of air is relatively small because of constrictions of the vocal cords.) [[Vowel]]s are usually voiced, as are many [[consonant]]s.

 

==Phonation as the state of the glottis==

 

 

If the vocal cords are completely relaxed, with the arytenoid cartilages apart for maximum airflow, the cords do not vibrate. This is '''voiceless''' phonation, and is extremely common with [[obstruent]]s. If the arytenoids are pressed together for '''glottal closure''', the vocal cords block the airstream, producing stop sounds such as the [[glottal stop]]. In between there is a [[sweet spot]] of maximum vibration. This is '''modal voice''', and is the normal state for vowels and [[sonorant]]s in all the world's languages. However, the aperture of the arytenoid cartilages, and therefore the tension in the vocal cords, is one of degree between the end points of open and closed, and there are several intermediate situations utilized by various languages to make contrasting sounds.

 

 

{| class="wikitable"

| ||colspan=2|'''Mazatec'''

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|-

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|}

 

[[Javanese language|Javanese]] does not have modal voice in its [[plosive]]s, but contrasts two other points along the phonation scale, with more moderate departures from modal voice, called [[slack voice]] and [[stiff voice]]. The "muddy" consonants in [[Shanghainese (dialect)|Shanghainese]] are slack voice; they contrast with tenuis and aspirated consonants.

 

 

{| class="wikitable"

|'''Open glottis'''||{{IPA|[t]}}||''[[voiceless]]'' (full airstream)

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|-

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|'''Sweet spot'''||{{IPA|[d]}}||''[[voiced|modal voice]]'' (maximum vibration)

|-

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|'''Closed glottis'''||{{IPA|[ʔ͡t]}}||''glottal closure'' (blocked airstream)

|}

 

 

===Unaccompanied phonation===

 

Other languages with these contrasts are [[Bai language|Bai]] (modal, breathy, and harsh voice), [[Grusi languages|Kabiye]] (faucalized and harsh voice, previously seen as [[Advanced tongue root|±ATR]]), [[Somali language|Somali]] (breathy and harsh voice).

 

==Gwelit ivez:==