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Anv-bihan : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
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D Pajenn nevez : {{LabourAChom}} A '''given name''' is a name which specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially a family, all of whose members usually s...
 
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
36 397 kemm
DDiverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
{{LabourAChom}}
Graet e vez '''anv-bihan''' eus un [[anv]] a dalvez da anavezadenniñ un hinienn ha dreist-holl da c'hallout e diforc'hañ diouzh izili all e familh, gante an hevelep [[anv familh]].
 
Disheñvel eo an anvioù-bihan diouzh an anvioù familh dre ma vezont dibabet ha roet a-ratozh da bep hini kentoc'h evit o c'hoaut da herezh.
A '''given name''' is a [[name]] which specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially a [[family]], all of whose members usually share the same [[family name]] (Surname) . A given name is a name ''given'' to a person, as opposed to an inherited one &ndash; such as a family name.<ref>"A name given to a person at birth or at baptism, as distinguished from a surname." according to the [http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/g/g0136100.html American Heritage Dictionary]</ref> So, strictly speaking, the term excludes names acquired by other means &ndash; such as [[Given name#Name changing|changing one's name]]. This article does not generally assume the strict definition.
 
Peurliesañ e vez implijet an anvioù-bihan e degouezhioù $informel p'en em anavezer mat keit ha ma vez implijet an anvioù familh kentoc'h e degouezhioù $formel.
In most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Europe (North and South America and Australia), the given name usually comes before the family name (though generally not in lists and catalogs), and so is known as a '''forename''' or '''first name''' (see [[Given name#Usage|usage]] below). But in many cultures of the world, for instance in some African and most of [[East Asia]] (e.g. [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]]), and also in [[Hungary]], given names traditionally come after the family name. In East Asia, even part of the given name may be shared among all members of a given generation in a family and the family's extensions, to differentiate those generations from other generations.▼
 
▲In most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Europe (North and South America and Australia), the given name usually comes before the family name (though generally not in lists and catalogs), and so is known as a '''forename''' or '''first name''' (see [[Given name#Usage|usage]] below). But in many cultures of the world, for instance in some African and most of [[East Asia]] (e.g. [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]]), and also in [[Hungary]], given names traditionally come after the family name. In East Asia, even part of the given name may be shared among all members of a given generation in a family and the family's extensions, to differentiate those generations from other generations.
Under the common [[Western culture|Western]] naming convention, people generally have one or more forenames (either given or acquired). If more than one, there is usually a main forename (for everyday use) and one or more supplementary forenames. But sometimes two or more carry equal weight (see the [[List of people known by more than one given name (in combination)|list of well-known people known by two or more forenames]]). Beyond the fact that forenames come before the [[surname]] there is no particular ordering rule. Usually, the main forename is at the beginning, resulting in a ''first'' name and one or more ''middle'' names, but alternative arrangements are quite common. The existence of a [[List of people known by middle name]] in Wikipedia suggests that the latter is considered unexpected by many.▼
 
Given names are often used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is used instead, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idiom "on a first name basis" alludes to the fact that using a person's given name betokens familiarity.
 
==Usage==
The term ''given name'' is rarely used in the [[United Kingdom]]; ''forename'' or ''Christian name'' predominate, with the former now used almost universally on official documentation.
 
The term ''first name'' can refer to any forename, not just the very first. In the [[United States]], ''first name'' is the most common form, although ''given name'' is often encountered on official documents. The term ''Christian name'', on the other hand, has mostly fallen out of favor with officialdom though still remaining popular with the general population, especially in rural areas.
''Christian name'' may refer to the name taken by [[Religious conversion|converts]] to Christianity upon [[baptism]].
 
▲Under the common [[Western culture|Western]] naming convention, people generally have one or more forenames (either given or acquired). If more than one, there is usually a main forename (for everyday use) and one or more supplementary forenames. But sometimes two or more carry equal weight (see the [[List of people known by more than one given name (in combination)|list of well-known people known by two or more forenames]]). Beyond the fact that forenames come before the [[surname]] there is no particular ordering rule. Usually, the main forename is at the beginning, resulting in a ''first'' name and one or more ''middle'' names, but alternative arrangements are quite common. The existence of a [[List of people known by middle name]] in Wikipedia suggests that the latter is considered unexpected by many.
==Legality==
A child's given name or names are usually assigned around the time of birth. In most jurisdictions, the [[name at birth]] is a matter of public record, inscribed on the [[birth certificate]] or equivalent. In some jurisdictions, mainly [[civil law (legal system)|civil-law]] jurisdictions such as [[France]], [[Quebec]], [[The Netherlands]] or [[Germany]], the functionary whose job it is to record acts of birth may act to prevent parents from giving the child a name that may cause him or her harm, such as a bizarre or obscene one (in France, by referring the case to a local [[judge]]).{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
 
==Etymology==<!-- These are examples and not exhaustive lists. Lists of first names exist at Wiktionary. Before adding any more examples please discuss on talk page.-->
The etymology of given names includes:
* Aspiring personal traits (external and internal). For example, the name Clement means "merciful". English examples include Faith, Prudence, Augustus, and Fido (The last coming from the [[Latin]] for 'faith').
* Occupations, for example [[George]] means "farmer"[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=george] and Booker means "bookbinder" or "book-printer"[http://www.ancestry.com/learn/facts/Fact.aspx?&fid=10&fn=&ln=booker]
* Circumstances of birth, for example [[Thomas]] means "twin"[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=thomas], or the Latin name [[Quintus]]'', which was traditionally given to the fifth child.[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=quintus]
* Objects, for example [[Peter]] means "rock"[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=peter] and [[Edgar]] means "rich spear"[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=edgar]
* Physical characteristics, for example [[Calvin]] means "bald"[http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=calvin]
* Form of another name, for example [[Pauline]] or Georgia (especially to change the sex of the name)
* [[Family name|Surname]]s, for example [[Taylor]], [[Harrison]], and [[Ross]]
* Places, for example [[Brittany]] and [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]]
* Time of birth, for example day of the week, as in [[Kofi Annan]], whose given name means "born on [[Friday]]," or the holiday on which one was born, for example [[Natasha]], a Russian diminutive of [[Natalia]], which means "[[Christmas]]" in Latin
* Combination of the above, for example the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] name Sirvart means "love rose"
* Names of unknown or disputed etymology, for example [[Mary]][http://behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=mary].
 
In many cultures, given names are reused, especially to commemorate the dead ([[namesake]]), resulting in a virtually limited repertoire of names that sometimes vary by [[orthography]]. And those namesakes, in turn, were often named after [[biblical]] characters, except for the name [[Jesus]], which is almost always considered [[taboo]] or [[sacrilege|sacrilegious]] when used as a given name in [[Germanic language|Germanic]]-speaking regions or in [[Poland]]. In the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking world, however, Jesús is a very popular name, without any negative implications because Spain was [[Muslim Spain|ruled by Muslims]] for centuries in the Middle Ages, and in Arabic [[Isa (name)|Isa]] is a common name as Muslims regard Jesus as just another prophet.
 
On the other hand, [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]] is almost universally popular among [[Christian]]s, especially among [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]]. This name, however, in most of the [[Christian]] world was considered too holy for ordinary people until about the [[12th century]], and in traditions of particular veneration of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]] (e.g. in [[Poland]], where both Marian and Marianna, forms of [[Mary]], were used instead of Maria) even until the [[19th century]] (in Poland, until the [[17th century]], with the arrival of queens of [[France]] named Marie[http://www.poland.gov.pl/Polish,names,2470.html]).
<!-- These are examples and not exhaustive lists. Lists of first names exist at Wiktionary. Before adding any more examples please discuss on talk page.-->
Most common given names in [[English language|English]] (and many other [[Europe]]an languages) can be grouped into broad categories based on their origin:
 
* '''[[Biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]] names''' are often from the [[Old Testament]]. Some have elements meaning "God," especially "[[Theophory in the Bible#El theophory|El]]." Examples: [[Michael]], [[Elijah (prophet)|Elijah]], [[Joshua]], [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]], [[David]], [[Adam]], [[Elizabeth]], [[Hannah (given name)|Hannah]] and [[Mary]]. There is also a handful of names in use derived from the '''[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]''', e.g. [[Thomas]], [[Martha]], Samantha and [[Bartholomew]].
 
* '''[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] names''' often are warlike in nature, or have roots meaning "glory." The "-bert" element common in many such names comes from ''beraht'', which means "bright." Examples: Albert, [[Robert]], Alfred, [[Edward]], [[Roger]], Rosalind, Emma, [[Eric]] and [[Matilda]].
 
* '''[[French language|French]] forms of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] names'''. Since the [[Norman conquest of England]], many [[English language|English]] given names of [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] origin are used in their [[French language|French]] forms. Examples: Albert, [[Robert]], [[Charles]], [[Roger]] and [[William]].
 
* '''[[Celtic language|Celtic]] names''' are sometimes [[anglicisation|anglicised]] versions of [[Celtic language|Celtic]] forms, but the original form may also be used. Examples: [[Alan (name)|Alan]], [[Brian]], [[Brigid]], Mòrag, [[Niamh]], [[Ciaran]], [[Jennifer]], [[Ian]] and [[John (name)#Evolution of the name John|Seán]]. These names often have origins in [[Celtic language|Celtic]] words, as [[Celtic language|Celtic]] versions of the names of internationally known [[Christian]] [[saint]]s, as names of [[Celtic mythology|Celtic mythological figures]], or simply as long-standing names whose ultimate etymology is unclear.
 
* '''[[Greek language|Greek]] names''' can be derived from the [[Greco-Roman]] [[List of Greek mythological figures|gods]], or may have other meanings. Some may be derived from the [[New Testament]] and early [[Christian]] traditions. Some of the names are often, but not always, [[anglicisation|anglicised]]. Examples: [[Eleanor]], [[Stephen]], [[Alexander]], [[Andrew]], [[Peter (name)|Peter]], [[Gregory]], [[George]], [[Christopher]], [[Melissa]], [[Margaret]], [[Nicholas]], [[Jason]], [[Timothy]], [[Chloe]] and [[Zoë]].
 
*'''[[Latin]] names''' can also be adopted unchanged, or modified. Examples: [[Laura]], [[Victoria (name)|Victoria]], [[Marcus]], [[Justin]], [[Paul]], Cecilia, [[Felix]], [[Ornela]], [[Francis]], [[Julia]], [[Pascal (name)|Pascal]].
 
* '''Word names''' come from [[English language|English]] vocabulary words. These are often feminine names, derived from nature, flowers, birds, colors, [[gemstone]]s, or aspiring traits. Sometimes the spelling of the word is changed for the name. Examples: [[Jasmine]], [[Lavender]], [[Dawn]], [[Asteraceae|Daisy]], [[Rose]], [[Iris (plant)|Iris]], Grace, [[Petunia]], [[Rowan]] and [[Violet (plant)|Violet]].
 
* '''Nicknames''' Nicknames are often used to distinguish between two or more people with the same given name. Names which are currently in fashion tend to be varied the most. Nicknames are informal forms of names, often made by abbreviating and adding a ''y''. Shortenings reduce the size of a long name, but nicknames can also be the same length as, or even longer than, the original name. Nicknames are often used especially in childhood; in [[English language|English]], [[Robert]] may be shortened to [[Robert|Robby]] and then [[Robert|Rob]]. In [[German language|German]] the names [[John (name)#Evolution of the name John|Johann]] and [[Margaret (name)#Name Margaret in other languages|Margarete]] are shortened to [[Hansel & Gretel|Hänsel]] and [[Hansel & Gretel|Gretel]] in the famous [[fairy tale]]. Examples: [[Victoria (name)|Vicky]], [[Robert|Rob]], [[Danny]], [[Abby]], [[Ali]], [[Max]] and [[Stephen|Steve]].
 
* '''Feminine variations''' Many masculine names have feminine variations, often multiple ones. Examples: [[Carl (name)#Female given names|Charlotte]], [[Stephanie]], Phillipa, [[Jacqueline (name)|Jacqueline]], [[Georgina]], [[Danielle]], [[Michelle]], [[Andrea]], [[Alexandria]], [[Paula]], [[Patricia]] and [[Francesca]].
 
Frequently, a given name has versions in many different languages. For example, the [[biblical Hebrew language|biblical Hebrew]] name [[Susanna (disciple)|Susanna]] also occurs in its original [[biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]] version, Shoshannah, its [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] version Susana, and its [[French language|French]] version, Suzanne.
 
[[Slavic language|Slavic]] names are often of a peaceful character, the compounds being derived from word [[root (linguistics)|roots]] meaning "to protect," "to love," "peace," "to praise [gods]," "to give," and so on.
 
The [[Chinese given name|Chinese]] and [[Korean name|Korean given name]]s are often unique, because meaningful [[Hanzi]] and [[Hanja]] characters can be combined extensively.
However, some parents recycle popular given names as well. The names of famous and successful persons are also reused occasionally.
Nevertheless, many Chinese and Korean parents invest a tremendous amount contemplating the names of their newborns before their birth, often with comprehensive [[dictionaries]] or with religious guides, formal or informal. Sometimes, especially in traditional families, paternal grandparents are the name-givers.
The [[Chinese language]] doesn't have a particular set of words that function as given names, which differs from [[English language|English]]. Any combination of Chinese characters theoretically can be used as given names, but usually not any combination of English letters are used as given names, which sometimes make Chinese people think that there may be more English-speaking people sharing identical full names than Chinese. This is not the case due to the much larger set of words used as [[family names]] in English.
 
In many urbanized [[Asia]]n locations, many Chinese also take on an [[English language|English]] given name in addition to their Chinese given name. This is also true for [[East Asia]]n students at colleges in countries like the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Australia]], and people who wish to do business internationally. For example, a Chinese man named "Wuen-lin" might become "[[William#Name variants|Willie]]" in the USA. It's also interesting to note that when Chinese immigrants or students give themselves English given names, they tend to pick an English given name with the initial letter identical to that of their [[family name]]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, e.g. a Chinese lady named "Li [[List of people by name: name Ma|Ma]]" might name herself "[[Mary]] [[List of people by name: name Ma|Ma]]" or a Chinese man named "Xiaobing Tang" might name himself "[[Anthony|Tony]] Tang."
 
Many female [[Japanese name]]s, such as [[Yoko Ono]]'s, used to end in ''ko'' (子), which means "(girl-)child." This fell out of favour in the [[1980s]], and has remained outdated since. As a result, while the vast majority of Japanese women born before 1980 have names ending in ''ko'', it is relatively rare for the younger generation.
 
Most names are specifically masculine or feminine, but there are many [[unisex names]] as well, such as [[Jordan]], [[Jesse]], [[Alex]], [[Ashley]], [[Chris]], [[Hillary]], [[Lesley]], [[Rene]], [[Joe]]/[[Jo]], [[Jackie]], [[Pat]], [[Sam]]. Often, one gender is predominant.
 
The term '''Christian name''' is sometimes used as a general synonym for ''given name''. Strictly speaking, the term applies to a name formally given to a child at an [[infant baptism]] or "christening", practised by some Christian groups.
 
May be meaningful, as in many asian cultures, or not.
 
==Gwelit ivez==
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