Quetzalcoatl : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
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Linenn 1:
[[Restr:Quetzalcoatl_magliabechiano.jpg|thumb|Quetzalcoatl]]
'''Quetzalcoatl''' (e [[nahouatleg|nahouatleg klasel]] ''Quetzalcōātl'' /ket͡saɬˈkoːaːt͡ɬ/ ({{audio|Ketsalkoatl.ogg|distagadur nahouatlek a vremañ}}), er furm enorus : ''Quetzalcōātzin'') zo un doue e sevenadur an Azteked hag unan eus enkorfadurioù an [[naer bluñvek]], a oa unan eus an doueed pennañ en holl [[Mezoamerika|Vezoamerika]]. E [[nahouatleg]] e talvez e anv kement ha "Naer prizius" pe "Naer e bluñv [[ketzal]]"<ref>Ar gerioù nahouatlek implijet da sevel an anv "Quetzalcoatl" zo : ''quetzalli'', a dalvez "pluñv", hag a vez impijet ivez da ober anv eus an evn —[[resplendent quetzal]]— brudet evit e bluñv a liv, ha ''cohuātl'' "naer".</ref>. Er {{XVIIvet kantved}}, [[Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl|Ixtlilxóchitl]], un diskennad da impalaerien an Azteked hag istorour an [[Nahouaed]], a skrive : "Quetzalcoatl, a dalvez ger-ha-ger "Naer a bluñv prizius", er ster allegoriek avat e talvez "Furañ eus an dud".<ref>Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl, ''History of the Chichimeca Nation: Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl's Seventeenth-Century Chronicle of Ancient Mexico'', 2019.</ref>. E kreiz Mec'hiko e oa anavezet er prantad goude-klasel dindan ar furm '''Ehecatl-Quetzalcóatl'''<ref>Mary Miller ha Karl Taube, ''The gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya'', Thames & Hudson, 1993, p. 142</ref>.
Quetzalcoatl a oa unan eus an doueed pennañ e panteon an Azteked, war un dro gant [[Tlaloc]], [[Tezcatlipoca]] ha [[Huitzilopochtli]]. Doue an heol, an avel, an aer, hag an anaoudegezh e oa evit an [[Azteked]], ar re zo titouret ar gwellañ o c'hredennoù er mammennoù istorel. Doue ar blanedenn [[Gwener (planedenn=|Gwener]] e oa ivez, hag hini ar sav-heol, ar varc'hadourien, an arzoù, hag an artizaned. Doue patrom ar veleien e oa ouzhpenn, hag hini an deskadurezh<ref>Smith, 2003 p. 213</ref>. Daou zoue all, arouezet ivez gant ar blanedenn Gwener, zo kevredet gant Quetzalcoatl : [[Tlaloc]] (doue ar glav), ha breur gevell Quetzalcoatl, [[Xolotl]], heñcher an anaon, ur penn ki outañ.
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Dougen a ra en e gerc'henn ''ehēcacōzcatl'', "breastplate an avel", "the spirally voluted wind jewel" graet gant ur grogenn vras. Ur grogenn vras troc'het dre an hanter e oa an tilsam-se ha douget e veze evel un dro-c'houzoug moarvat gant ar veleien vras, rak kavet ez eus bet seurt traezoù e bezioù e lec'hiennoù arkeologel e pep lec'h e [[Mezoamerika]]<ref>Stephan F. De Borhegyi, [https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-wine-gods-breastplate/|title= "The Wind God's Breastplate", ''Expedition'', levrenn VIII-4, 1966 : "This breastplate, the insignia of the wind god, called in Nahuatl the ehēcacōzcatl, (the 'spirally voluted wind jewel') was made by cutting across the upper portion of a marine conch shell, and drilling holes for suspension by a cord. Such conch shell breastplates were either hung on the sculpture of the god himself or were worn by the high priests, the earthly representatives of this god. According to such sixteenth century Spanish authorities as Fray Bernardino de Sahagun, [...] the title of Quetzalcoatl was reserved for the high priests or pontiffs among the Aztecs and other inhabitants of Mexico. Only they were entitled to wear the emblem of ehēcacōzcatl, the insignia of this god. Such marine shell breastplates are therefore extremely rare. Of the few that survived the Spanish Conquest, most were destroyed by overly zealous friars; only a handful have been turned up by archaeologists."</ref> and potentially symbolized patterns witnessed in hurricanes, dust devils, seashells, and whirlpools, which were elemental forces that had significance in [[Aztec mythology]].{{qn|date=August 2019}} Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and [[Xolotl]] gant un ''ehēcacōzcatl'' en-dro d'o gouzoug {{Daveoù a vank}}. Additionally, at least one major cache of offerings includes knives and idols adorned with the symbols of more than one god, some of which were adorned with wind jewels<ref>[http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/artefacts/personified-knives|title= "Personified knives", www.mexicolore.co.uk</ref>. Animals thought to represent Quetzalcoatl include [[resplendent quetzal]]s, [[rattlesnake]]s (''coatl'' meaning "serpent" in Nahuatl), crows, and [[macaw]]s. In his form as [[Ehecatl]] he is the wind, and is represented by [[spider monkeys]], ducks, and the wind itself.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/gods/study-the-wind-god|title= Study the... WIND GOD|website= www.mexicolore.co.uk}}</ref> In his form as the morning star, Venus, he is also depicted as a [[harpy eagle]].<ref>Carl de Borhegyi, [http://www.theyucatantimes.com/2012/10/evidence-of-mushroom-worship-in-mesoamerica/ "Evidence of Mushroom Worship in Mesoamerica" (11 a viz Gwengolo 2014 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140912050238/http://www.theyucatantimes.com/2012/10/evidence-of-mushroom-worship-in-mesoamerica/ diellaouet eno] (2014) |date= 30 October 2012 ''The Yucatan Times''</ref>. E mojennoù ar [[Mazateked|Vazateked]], an doue steredour [[Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli]], arouezet ivez gant ar blanedenn Gwener, zo tost-kenañ da gQuetzalcoatl<ref>[http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/aztefacts/god-with-the-longest-name "The god with the longest name?", www.mexicolore.co.uk</ref>
The earliest known documentation of the [[worship]] of a [[Feathered Serpent]] occurs in [[Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan|Teotihuacan]] in the first century BC or first century AD.<ref>{{cite web|title= Teotihuacan: Introduction|publisher= Project Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico/ ASU |date= 20 August 2001|access-date= 17 May 2009|url= http://archaeology.asu.edu/teo/intro/intrteo.htm}}</ref> That period lies within the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Late Preclassic]] to [[Mesoamerican chronology|Early Classic period]] (400 BC – 600 AD) of [[Mesoamerican chronology]]; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Late Classic]] period (600–900 AD).<ref name="Ringle et al. 1998">Ringle et al. 1998</ref> In the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Postclassic period]] (900–1519 AD), the worship of the feathered-serpent deity centred in the primary Mexican religious center of [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]]. In this period the deity is known to have been named ''Quetzalcōhuātl'' by his [[Nahua people|Nahua]] followers. In the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] area he was approximately equivalent to [[Kukulkan]] and [[Gukumatz]], names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different [[Mayan languages]]. In the era following the 16th-century [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]], a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with [[Ce Acatl Topiltzin]], a ruler of the mythico-historic city of [[Tollan]]. Historians debate to what degree, or whether at all, these narratives about this legendary [[Toltec]] ruler describe historical events.<ref>Nicholson 2001, Carrasco 1982, Gillespie 1989, Florescano 2002</ref> Furthermore, early Spanish sources written by clerics tend to identify the god-ruler Quetzalcoatl of these narratives with either [[Hernán Cortés]] or [[Thomas the Apostle]]—identifications which have also become sources of a diversity of opinions about the nature of Quetzalcoatl.<ref>Lafaye 1987, Townsend 2003, Martínez 1980, Phelan 1970</ref>
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== Notennoù ==
{{Daveoù}}
==Liammoù diavaez==
{{Commons|Category:Quetzalcoatl}}
{{Boest merdeiñ Azteked}}
[[Rummad:Azteked]]
[[Rummad:istor Mec'hiko]]
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