Hürrem Sultan : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Pajenn nevez : '''Hürrem Sultan''' a oa ur Valide Sultan e Turki ar XVIvet kantved. Brudet eo abalamour d'he buhez souezhus ha d'he levezon war politikerezh Turki. en:Hürrem Sultan |
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm |
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Linenn 1:
[[Image:Khourrem.jpg|thumb|200px|Roxelana]]
'''Hürrem Sultan''', pe '''Roxelana''', a oa [[gwreg]] ar[[ sultan]] [[Suleiman]], en [[Impalaeriezh Ottoman]], hag ur [[Valide Sultan]] war-lerc'h e varv, e [[Turki]] ar XVIvet kantved. Brudet eo abalamour d'he buhez souezhus ha d'he levezon war politikerezh Turki. A orin ukrainat e oa
Anavezet eo ivez evel '''Roxelana''', ''Roxolana'', ''Roxelane'', ''Rossa'', ''Ruziac'', pe
'''Hürrem''' (eus خرم - ''Khurram'' e perseg, "an hini a c'hoarzh "; hag ivez evel ''Karima'', eus '''كريمة''', "an hini a renk uhel"), (war-dro [[1510]] - [[18 a vizEbrel ]], [[1558]]) [http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1507476][http://www.gmtgames.com/nnhis/HISScenarioBook10.pdf]
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Sixteenth century sources are silent as to her maiden name, but much later [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] traditions, especially Ukrainian folk traditions first recorded in the nineteenth century, give it as ''Anastasia'' (diminutive: Nastia); in Polish tradition: ''Aleksandra Lisowska''.
==Early life==
According to late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century sources like the famous Polish poet, [[Samuel Twardowski]], who actually did research on the subject in Turkey, Hürrem was born to a father who was a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], or [[Ruthenia]]n, [[Orthodox]] [[priest]], in the town of [[Rohatyn]] which is located 68 km, south east of [[Lviv]], a major city of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] which was then part of the [[Kingdom of Poland]], today in western [[Ukraine]]. She was captured by [[Crimean Tatars]] during one of their frequent raids into this region and taken as a [[slavery|slave]], probably first to the Crimean city of Kaffa (Kefe in Turkish, [[Caffa]] in Italian), a major centre of the slave trade, then to Istanbul, and was selected for Süleyman's [[Harem (household)|Harem]]. She quickly came to the attention of her master, and attracted the jealousy of her rivals. One day Süleyman's former favorite, the concubine Mahidevran, also called "Gul Bahar" (The Flower of Spring), got into a fight with Hürrem and beat her badly. Upset by this, Süleyman sent Mahidevran away from Istanbul to the provincial capital of Manisa together with her son, the heir apparent, Prince Mustafa. Thereafter, Hürrem became Süleyman's unrivalled favorite or Haseki. Many years later, probably at the instigation of Hürrem, the Sultan ordered Mustafa to be strangled.
===Marriage===
Hürrem's influence over the Sultan soon became legendary; she was to bear Süleyman five children and, in an astonishing break with tradition, eventually was freed and became his legal wife. This strengthened her position in the palace and eventually led to one of her sons, [[Selim II|Selim]], inheriting the [[empire]]. Hürrem also may have acted as Süleyman's adviser on other matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon foreign affairs and international [[politics]]. Two of her letters to the Polish King Sigismund Augustus have been preserved, and during her lifetime, the Ottoman Empire generally had peaceful relations with the Polish state. Some historians also believe that she may have intervened with her husband to control Crimean Tatar slave-raiding in her native land.
===Charities===
[[Image:Bath of Roxelane Istanbul 2007.jpg|thumb|Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı]]
Aside from her political concerns, Hürrem engaged in several major works of public buildings, from [[Mecca]] to [[Jerusalem]], perhaps modeling her charitable foundations in part after the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]]'s consort Zubaida. Among her first foundations were a mosque, two koranic schools, a fountain, and a women's hospital near the "Women's Slave Market" (''Avret Pazary'') in Istanbul. She also commissioned a bath, the [[Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı]], to serve the community of worshipers in the nearby [[Hagia Sophia]]. As well, some of her embroidery, or at least embroidery done under her supervision, has survived, examples being given in 1547 to the [[Tahmasp I|Shah of Iran]] and in 1549 to [[Sigismund II Augustus|King Sigismund Augustus]].
===Death===
[[Image:Istanbul - Süleymaniye camii - Türbe di Roxellana - Foto G. Dall'Orto 28-5-2006.jpg|thumb|''Türbe'' of Roxelana]]
Hürrem died on [[April 18]] [[1558]]. She is buried in a domed mausoleum (''türbe'') decorated in exquisite Iznik tiles depicting the garden of paradise, perhaps in homage to her smiling and joyful nature. Her mausoleum is adjacent to Süleyman's, a separate and more somber domed structure, at the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]].
Hürrem, or Roxelana, as she is better known in Europe, is well-known both in modern Turkey and in the West, and is the subject of many artistic works. She has inspired paintings, musical works (including [[Joseph Haydn]]'s [[Symphony No. 63 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 63]]), an opera by [[Denys Sichynsky]], a ballet, plays, and several novels written mainly in Ukrainian, but also in English, French, and German.
In [[2007]], Muslims in [[Mariupol]] Ukraine opened a mosque to honor Roxelana.<ref> [http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;18370/ Religious Information Service of Ukraine]</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Thomas M. Prymak, "Roxolana: Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent," ''Nashe zhyttia/Our Life'', LII, 10 (New York, 1995), 15-20. A nicely illustrated popular-style article in English with a bibliography.
*Zygmunt Abrahamowicz, "Roksolana," ''Polski Slownik Biograficzny'', vo. XXXI (Wroclaw-etc., 1988-89), 543-5. A well-informed article in Polish by a distinguished Polish Turkologist.
*Galina Yermolenko, "Roxolana: The Greatest Empresse of the East," ''The Muslim World'', 95, 2 (2005), 231-48. Also available on-line to subscribers. Makes good use of European, especially Italian, sources and is familiar with the literature in Ukrainian and Polish.
*For historical novels in English about Roxelana, see [[Colin Falconer (writer)|Colin Falconer]], Aileen Crawley (1981-83), and Louis Gardel (2003). For Ukrainian language novels, see Osyp Nazaruk (1930), Mykola Lazorsky (1965), Serhii Plachynda (1968), and [[Pavlo Zahrebelnyi]] (1980). (All reprinted recently.) In French, there is a fictionalized biography by Willy Sperco (1972), and in German, a novel by Johannes Tralow (1944; reprinted many times). In addition to these, there is a very detailed novel in Serbian by Radovan Samardzic (1987), and a more recent one in Turkish by Ulku Cahit (2001).
*Roxelana plays a pivotal role in [[Pawn in Frankincense]], the fourth book of the historical fiction series the [[Lymond Chronicles]] by [[Dorothy Dunnett]].
*U.s. pulp fiction author [[Robert E. Howard]] in his pseudo-historical novelette [[The Shadow of the Vulture]] imagined Roxelana to be sister to its fiery-tempered female protagonist, [[Red Sonya]].
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==Liammoù diavaez==
{{commons2|Roxelana|}}
*[http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html Roxelana]
*[http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=75 Bez Roxelana]
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