Cheyeneg : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
kendalc'h
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
kendalc'h
Linenn 5:
 
{{Peurunvan}}
{{LabourAChom}}
 
 
{{Lang|anv=Cheyeneg|anveyezh=Tsisinstsistots
Linenn 24 ⟶ 26:
 
 
Ur [[Yezhoù aljek|yezh aljek]] eus is-skourr [[yezhoù algonkek ar c'hompezennoù]] eo ar '''cheyeneg''' (''tsisinstsistots''), komzet gant $tro-dro da 1.721 dud diwar 5.000 den en holl e Mirva Cheyened an Norzh e gevred [[Montana]] ha gant an [[Arapahoed]] e kornôg [[Oklahoma]] er [[Stadoù-Unanet]] [[(1990)]]
 
E Montana e vez implijet gant an holl tud deuet met [[saozneg] a gomz kentoc'h ar re yaouankañ, met kelennet e vez d'ar re yaouank e-pad an hañv eno a-benn klask reiñ lusk d'ar [[yezh]]. En Oklahoma, avat, ne vez komzet ken nemet gant ar re goshañ. most speakers are middle-aged or older.
Population 1,721 speakers (1990 census), out of 5,000 population (1987 SIL).
Region Northern Cheyenne Reservation, southeastern Montana; associated with Arapaho in western Oklahoma.
Classification Algic, Algonquian, Plains.
Comments In Montana most adults (parents and the elderly, 1998) speak the language but many younger ones prefer English. In Oklahoma most speakers are middle-aged or older. Northern Cheyenne in Montana have a summer camp for children, where 5 fluent speakers teach the language (1998). Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. NT 1934.
 
==Fonologiezh==
The '''[[Cheyenne]] language''' is a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] language spoken in present-day [[Montana]] and [[Oklahoma]], USA. It is part of the [[Algonquian language]] family. Like all Algonquian languages, it has complex [[agglutinative]] morphology.
 
Cheyenne phonology is not exceptionally complex. While there are only three basic [[vowels]], they can be pronounced in three ways: high pitch, low pitch, and voiceless{{ref|pitch}}.
==Classification==
Cheyenne is one of the [[Algonquian languages]], which is a subphylum of the [[Algic languages]]. Specifically, it is a [[Plains Algonquian languages|Plains Algonquian language]]. However, Plains Algonquian, which also includes [[Arapaho language|Arapaho]] and [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]], is an areal rather than genetic subgrouping.
 
==Geographic distribution==
Cheyenne is spoken on the [[Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation]] in [[Montana]] and in [[Oklahoma]]. It is spoken by about 1,700 people, mostly adults.
 
==Phonology==
 
Cheyenne phonology is not exceptionally complex. While there are only three basic [[vowels]], they can be pronounced in three ways: high pitch, low pitch, and voiceless{{ref|pitch}}. The high and low pitches are phonemic, while vowel devoicing is governed by environmental rules, making voiceless vowels allophones of the voiced vowels. The digraph ‘ts’ represents assibilated /t/; a phonological rule of Cheyenne is that underlying /t/ becomes affricated before an /e/ {{IPA|(t > ʦ / __e)}}. Therefore, ‘ts’ is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. The sound [x] is not a phoneme, but derives from other phonemes, including {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (when {{IPA|/ʃ/}} precedes or follows a non-front vowel, /a/ or /o/), and the far-past tense morpheme /h/ which is pronounced as [x] when it precedes a morpheme which starts with /h/.
 
The Cheyenne orthography of 14 letters is neither a pure phonemic system nor a phonetic transcription; it is, in the words of linguist Wayne Leman, a "pronunciation orthography." In other words, it is a practical spelling system designed to facilitate proper pronunciation. Some allophonic variants, such as voiceless vowels, are shown. <e> represents not the phoneme /e/, but rather a [[close central unrounded vowel]], {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''ConsonantsKensonennoù'''
|-
!
![[BilabialDiweuz]]
![[DentalDent]]
![[Postalveolar]]
![[Velar]]
Linenn 69 ⟶ 58:
| align="center"|h
|-
![[NasalDre fri]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
Linenn 78 ⟶ 67:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''VowelsVogalennoù'''
|-
!
Linenn 96 ⟶ 85:
|}
 
==GrammarYezhadur==
 
Cheyenne represents the participants of an expression not as separate pronoun words but as affixes on the verb. Its pronominal system uses typical Algonquian distinctions: three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) plus obviated 3rd (3'), two numbers (singular, plural), animacy (animate and inanimate) and inclusivity and exclusivity on the first person plural. The 3' (obviative) person is an elaboration of the third; it's an "out of focus" third person. When there are two or more third persons in an expression, one of them will become obviated. If the obviated entity is an animate noun, it will be marked with an obviative suffix, typically -o or -óho. Verbs register the presence of obviated participants whether or not they are present as nouns.
 
===Pronominal affixes===
 
There are three basic pronominal prefixes in Cheyenne:
 
'''ná-''' First person<br>
'''né-''' Second person<br>
'''é-''' Third person
 
These three basic prefixes can be combined with various suffixes to express all of Cheyenne's pronominal distinctions. For example, the prefix ''ná-'' can be combined on a verb with the suffix ''-me'' to express the first person plural exclusive ("we, not including you"), as with ''nátahpetame'', "we.<small>EXCL</small> are big."
 
==Historical development==
 
Like all the Algonquian languages, Cheyenne developed from a reconstructed ancestor referred to as [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]] (often abbreviated "PA"). The sound changes on the road from PA to modern Cheyenne are complex, as exhibited by the development of the PA word ''*erenyiwa'' "man" into Cheyenne ''hetane'':
 
*First, the PA suffix ''-wa'' drops (''*erenyi'')
*The [[geminate]] vowel sequence ''-yi-'' simplifies to /i/ ([[semivowel]]s were phonemically vowels in PA; when PA */i/ or */o/ appeared before another vowel, it became non-[[syllabic]]) (''*ereni'')
*PA */r/ changes to /t/ (''*eteni'')
*/h/ is added before word-initial vowels (''*heteni'')
*Due to a vowel chain-shift, the vowels in the word wind up as /e/, /a/ and /e/ (PA */e/ sometimes corresponds to Cheyenne /e/ and sometimes to Cheyenne /a/; PA */i/ almost always corresponds to Cheyenne /e/, however) (''hetane'').
 
==Notes==
 
#{{note|pitch}} There are also two other variants of the phonemic pitches: the mid and raised-high pitches. These are often not represented in writing, although there are standard diacritics to indicate all of them. Linguist Wayne Leman included one more variant in his International Journal of American Linguistics[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJAL/home.html] (1981) article on Cheyenne pitch rules, a lowered-high pitch, but has since recognized that this posited pitch is the same as a low pitch.
 
==Lexicon==
Some Cheyenne words (with the Proto-Algonquian reconstructions where known):
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ame ame] (PA ''*pemi'', "pemmican")
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/he'e he'e] (PA ''*weɬkweni'', "his liver")
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hetane hetane] (PA ''*erenyiwa'', "man")
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ma'heo'o ma'heo'o]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matana matana] (PA ''*meɬeni'', "milk")