Kulhwch hag Olwen : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
[[Skeudenn:Ysbaddaden.JPG|270px|thumb|right|Kulhwch hag Olwen e lez Ysbaddaden]]
'''Kulhwch hag Olwen''', pe '''''Culhwch ac Olwen''''' hervez doare ar c'hembraeg, zo unan eus koshañ danevelloù ar [[Mabinogi]]. miretMiret eo e '''''[[Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch]]''''' (skivet war-dro 1325) ha '''''[[Llyfr Coch Hergest]]''''' (war-dro 1400). Unan eus oberennoù meur lennegezh [[kembraek]] ar Grennamzer eo.
 
 
Linenn 6:
Unan eus ar skridoù koshañ a ra anv eus ar [[Roue Arzhur]] hag e varc'heien eo ivez. Disheñvel eo an Arzhur kembraek diouzh hini gallek [[Chrétien de Troyes]] avat. Amañ eo ur brezelour brezhon, denel ha bresk, kentoc'h eget ur roue kristen kourtes faltaziet gant [[Jafrez Menoe]]. Dont a ra eus mojennoù brezhon, hep levezon diavaez ebet, goude ma kaver meneg eus tud a Vreizh Vihan, ha betek eus [[Gwilherm an Alouber]].
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Certain linguistic evidence indicates it took its present form by the 11th century,[citation needed] making it perhaps the earliest Arthurian tale and one of Wales' earliest extant prose texts.[citation needed] The title is a later invention and does not occur in early manuscripts.[citation needed]
 
Lady Charlotte Guest included this tale among those she collected under the title The Mabinogion. Besides the quality of its storytelling it contains several remarkable passages: the description of Culhwch riding on his horse is frequently mentioned for its vividness (a passage reused to similar effect in the 16th century prose "parody" Araith Wgon, as well as in 17th century poetic adaptations of that work), the fight against the terrible boar Twrch Trwyth certainly has antecedents in Celtic tradition, and the list of King Arthur's retainers recited by the hero is a rhetorical flourish that preserves snippets of Welsh tradition that otherwise would be lost.
 
[edit] Synopsis
Culhwch's father, King Cilydd son of Celyddon, loses his wife Goleuddydd after a difficult childbirth. When he remarries, the young Culhwch rejects his stepmother's attempt to pair him with his new stepsister. Offended, the new queen puts a curse on him so that he can marry no one besides the beautiful Olwen, daughter of the giant Ysbaddaden Pencawr. Though he has never seen her, Culhwch becomes infatuated with her, but his father warns him that he will never find her without the aid of his famous cousin Arthur. The young man immediately sets off to seek his kinsman. He finds him at his court in Celliwig in Cornwall; this is one of the earliest instances in literature or oral tradition of Arthur's court being assigned a specific location.[citation needed]
 
Arthur agrees to help, and sends six of his finest warriors to join Culhwch in his search for Olwen. These warriors include Cai (known to later literature as Sir Kay, Arthur's foster brother), Bedwyr (Sir Bedivere) and Gwalchmei (Sir Gawain, Arthur's nephew). The group meets some relatives of Culhwch's that know Olwen and agree to arrange a meeting. Olwen is receptive to Culhwch's attraction, but she cannot marry him unless her father agrees, and he, unable to survive past his daughter's wedding, will not consent until Culhwch completes a series of about forty impossible-sounding tasks. Fortunately for Culhwch (and the reader), the completion of only a few of these tasks is recorded and the giant is killed, leaving Olwen free to marry her lover.
 
The story is on one level a typical folktale, in which a young hero sets out to wed a giant's daughter, and many of the accompanying motifs reinforce this (the strange birth, the jealous stepmother, the hero falling in love with a stranger after hearing only her name, etc.). However, for most of the narrative the title characters go unmentioned, their story serving as a frame for other events. Culhwch and Olwen is as a whole more than simply a folktale.
 
In fact, the majority of the writing is taken up by two long lists and the adventures of King Arthur and his men. The first of these occurs when Arthur welcomes his young kinsman to his court and offers to give him whatever he wishes. Culhwch, of course, asks that Arthur help him get Olwen, and invokes some two hundred of the greatest men, women, dogs, horses and swords in Arthur's kingdom to underscore his request. Included in the list are names taken from Irish legend, hagiography, and sometimes actual history.
 
The second list includes the tasks Culhwch must complete before Ysbaddaden will allow him to marry Olwen. Only a fraction are recounted, but several that are of great significance. A version of the longest episode, the hunt for the boar Twrch Trwyth, is referenced in Historia Britonum and it may also be related to the boar hunt in the Irish stories of Diarmuid Ua Duibhne. The rescue of Mabon ap Modron from his watery prison has numerous parallels in Celtic legend, and the quest for the cauldron of Diwrnach the Irishman may well be related to the tales of Bran the Blessed in the second branch of the Mabinogion and the poem The Spoils of Annwn in the Book of Taliesin, possibly linking it to the Grail Quest.[citation needed]
 
 
[edit] Cultural influence
Culhwch and Olwen was, quite probably, one of the main inspirations to the tale of Beren and Lúthien, a tale narrated in The Silmarillion written by J. R. R. Tolkien.[1]
 
In both stories, the male heroes made rash promises after having been stricken by the beauty of feeric maidens, both enlist the aid of great kings, Arthur and Finrod, shown rings that proved their identities, both are defied with impossible tasks that included, direct or indirectly, the hunting and killing of ferocious beasts, the wild boars, Twrch Trwyth and Ysgithrywyn, and the wolf Carcharoth, with the help of a supernatural hound, Cafall and Huan. Also both the maidens possessed such magnificent beauty that flowers grown beneath their feet when they were coming to meet the heroes for the first time.
 
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