Helgoland : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
D Robot ouzhpennet: hu:Helgoland |
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm |
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Linenn 1:
'''Helgoland''' zo un enezeg en [[Alamagn]], e [[Mor an Hanternoz]]
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'''Heligoland''' (''Helgoland'' en alamaneg, ''deät Lun'' en Helgolandeg) zo un enezeg vihan e [[Mor an Hanternoz]], dirak aber ar stêr [[Elbe]], div eur treizh eus porzh [[Cuxhaven]], an inizi alaman pellañ diouzh an douar-bras. 1,650 a dud zo o chom enne.
==An anv==
Gwechall e oa ''Heyligeland'', da lavarout eo "[[Douar Santel]]", marteze abalamour d'un darempred kozh ha hir gant an doue [[Forseti]].
==Yezhoù==
Ouzhpenn alamaneg e vez komzet [[Halunder]], rannyezh frizek an norzhfrizeg, pe frizeg an hanternoz.
==Istor==
A-raok bout staget ouzh Alamgn int bet dalc'het gant Danmark ha goude gant Bro-Saoz. Formerly Danish and British possessions, the islands (population ) are located in the Heligoland Bight (part of the German Bight) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea.
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{{distinguish2|[[Helgeland]], a district in Norway}}
{{Infobox German Location
|German_name = Helgoland
|image_photo =
|Wappen = Helgoland Wappen.png
|lat_deg = 54 |lat_min = 10 |lat_sec = 57
|lon_deg = 7 |lon_min = 53 |lon_sec = 07
|Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein
|Kreis = Pinneberg
|Höhe = 61
|Fläche = 4.2
|Einwohner = 1650
|Stand = 2006-05-27
|PLZ = 27498
|Vorwahl = 04725
|Kfz = PI
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 56 025
|Straße = Lung Wai 28
|Website = [http://www.helgoland.de/ www.helgoland.de]
|Bürgermeister = Frank Botter
|Partei = SPD
}}
'''Heligoland''' ({{lang-de|Helgoland}}; [[Heligolandic]]: ''deät Lun'') is a small [[Germany|German]] [[archipelago]] in the [[North Sea]].
Formerly [[Denmark|Danish]] and [[British Empire|British]] possessions, the islands (population 1,650) are located in the [[Heligoland Bight]] (part of the [[German Bight]]) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea. They are the only German islands not in the immediate vicinity of the mainland and are approximately two hours' sailing time from [[Cuxhaven]] at the mouth of the [[River Elbe]].
In addition to [[German language|German]], the local population, who are ethnic [[Frisians]], speak the [[Heligolandic]] dialect of the [[North Frisian language]] called ''Halunder''. Heligoland was formerly called ''Heyligeland'', or "holy land," possibly due to the island's long association with the god [[Forseti]].
==Geography==
[[Image:Map helgoland 1910.jpg|left|250px]]
Heligoland is located 70 [[kilometre|km]] (44 [[mile]]s) off the German coastline and consists of two islands: the populated triangular 1 [[km²]] (0.4 [[square mile|sq mi]]) main island (''Hauptinsel'') to the west and the ''Düne'' ("dune," Heligolandic: ''de Halem'') to the east. While the former is what the place name "Heligoland" normally is used to refer to, the latter is somewhat smaller (0.7 km²), lower, surrounded by sand beaches and not permanently inhabited.
The main island is commonly divided into the ''Unterland'' ("Lower Land," Heligolandic: ''deät Deelerlun'') at sea level (to the right on the photograph, where the harbour is), the ''Oberland'' ("Upper Land," Heligolandic: ''deät Boperlun'') consisting of the plateau visible in the photographs and the ''Mittelland'' ("Middle Land") between them on one side of the island; the latter came into being in the course of the "Big Bang" (see below).
The main island also features small beaches in the north and the south and drops to the sea 50 [[metre]]s (about 160 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) in the north, west and southwest. In the latter, the ground continues to drop underwater to a depth of 56 metres below sea level. Northwest of the island proper Heligoland's famous landmark is found: The ''Lange Anna'' ("Long Anna" or "Tall Anna") which is a free standing rock column (or [[Stack (geology)|stack]]), 47 metres high and weighing about 25,000 tons.
The two islands were connected until 1720, when the natural connection was destroyed by a [[storm flood]]. The highest point is on the main island, reaching 61 meters (about 200 feet) above [[sea level]].
Although culturally closer to [[North Frisia]] in the German district of [[Nordfriesland]], the two islands are part of the district of [[Pinneberg (district)|Pinneberg]] in the state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. The main island has a good harbour and is frequented mostly by sailing [[yacht]]s.
==Climate==
[[Image:Helgoland Vogelperspektive.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bird's-eye view of Heligoland]]
Heligoland sports a very healthy [[maritime climate|offshore climate]], being almost free of pollen and thus ideal for [[allergy|allergics]]. Since there is no land mass in the vicinity that could cool down too much in the winter time, it hardly gets colder than -5 [[°C]] (23 [[°F]]) in any year. At times, winter temperatures can be higher than in Hamburg by up to 10 °C (18 °F) because cold winds from Russia are weakened. While spring tends to be comparatively cool, autumn on Heligoland is often longer and warmer than on the mainland and statistically, the climate generally is sunnier.
Due to the mild climate, figs have been grown on the island since the 1920s - there still is an old mulberry tree in the Upper Town.
==Geology==
[[Image:Lange-Anna-Helgoland.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Lange Anna]]
The island of Heligoland is a geological oddity; the presence of the main island's characteristic red [[sedimentary rock]] in the middle of the [[German Bight]] is unusual. It is the only such formation of cliffs along the continental coast of the North Sea. The formation itself is from the early [[Eocene]] geologic age. It is younger than and layered on top of a much thicker bedrock of white [[chalk]], the very same which is well known to form the [[white cliffs of Dover]] in England, and cliffs of Danish and German islands in the [[Baltic Sea]]. In fact, a small chalk rock close to Heligoland, called ''witt Kliff''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esys.org/ftp/helgoland-detail.gif|title=Nautical chart "Helgoland"|publisher=Europäisches Segel-Informationssystem|accessdate=July 27|accessyear=2008}}</ref> (white cliff) is known to have existed within sight of the island to the west till the early 18th century, when storm floods finally [[erosion|eroded]] it to below sea level.
Heligoland's rock is significantly harder than the postglacial sediments and sands forming the islands and coastlines to the east of the island. This is why the core of the island, which a thousand years ago was still surrounded by a large, low-lying marshland and [[dune|sand dunes]] separated from coast in the east only by narrow channels, has remained to this day, although the onset of the North Sea has long eroded away all of its surroundings. A small piece of Heligoland's sand dunes remains — the sand isle just across the harbour called Düne (Dune), which today holds Heligoland's [[airport|airstrip]].
==Flag==
[[Image:Flag of Helgoland.svg|thumb|right|160px|Current flag of Heligoland]]
The Heligoland flag is very similar to its [[Coat of arms]]. A tricolour flag with three horizontal bars, from top to bottom: [[Green]], [[Red]] and [[White]]. Each of the colours has its symbolic meaning. Green symbolises the '''land''', red symbolises the '''edge''' (the red cliffs of Heligoland) and white symbolises the '''sand'''. This in [[German language|German]] is the motto of Heligoland:
''Grün ist das '''Land''',''<br />
''rot ist die '''Kant'''',''<br />
''weiß ist der '''Sand''',''<br />
''das sind die Farben von Helgoland.''
In English,
"Green is the Land, Red is the Brim, White is the Sand, These are the Colours Of Heligoland"
In the original [[Low German]] it says, ''"Green is dat Land, roat is de Kant, witt est de Sunn, dat sünd de Farven van't Hilligelunn."''
==History==
[[Image:British Heligoland Flag.png|thumb|left|Flag of the British Administration of Heligoland, 1807-1890]]
[[Image:Helgoland, Germany, ca 1890-1900.jpg|thumb|200px|Birds-eye view, Heligoland, ca. 1890-1900]]
[[Image:Insel Helgoland um 1929-30 color.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Heligoland about 1929/30]]
The German Bight and the area around the island is known to have been inhabited since prehistoric times. [[Flint tools]] have been recovered from the bottom of the sea surrounding Heligoland. On the Oberland prehistoric [[burial mounds]] were visible until the late 19th century and excavations showed skeletons and artefacts. Moreover, prehistoric copper plates have been found under water near the island; those plates were almost certainly made on the Oberland (see Alex Ritsema, ''Heligoland, Past and Present'', 2007, pp.21-23).
In 697, [[Radbod, king of the Frisians|Radbod]], the last [[Frisians|Frisia]]n king, retreated to the then-single island after his defeat by the [[Franks]] - so it is written in the ''Life of Willebrord'' by [[Alcuin]]. By 1231, the island was listed as the property of the Danish king [[Valdemar II of Denmark|Valdemar II]].
Traditional economic activities included fishing, hunting birds and seals, [[wrecking (shipwreck)|wrecking]] and - very important for many overseas powers - piloting overseas ships into the harbours of [[Hanseatic League]] cities such as [[Bremen#History|Bremen]] and [[History of Hamburg#History|Hamburg]]. Moreover, in some periods Heligoland was an excellent base point for huge [[herring]] catches. As a result, until 1714 ownership switched several times between [[Denmark]] and the Duchy of [[Schleswig]], with one period of control by Hamburg. In August 1714, it was captured by Denmark, and it remained Danish until 1807.
[[Image:Heligolandstamp.jpg|right|100px]]
In 1807, Heligoland was seized by the [[British Empire|British]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. It became a centre of smuggling and espionage against Napoleon. Thousands of Germans fled to Britain and to the [[King's German Legion]] via Heligoland. In 1826, Heligoland became a seaside spa and soon it turned into a popular tourist resort for upper-class people. The island also attracted artists and writers, especially from Germany and even Austria who enjoyed the freedom of the benignly ruled (British) island, e.g. [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben]]. It was a refuge for revolutionaries of the 1830 and [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|1848 German revolutions]].
[[British Empire|Britain]] gave up the islands to Germany in 1890 (by virtue of the [[Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty]]) and also gave up its interests in [[Madagascar]] to the French, in return for those countries surrendering their claims to the [[Africa]]n island of [[Zanzibar]] (now a part of [[Tanzania]]), largely so the British could intervene there to suppress the [[slave trade]]. {{Fact|date=September 2008}} A "[[Grandfather clause|grandfathering]]"/optant approach prevented the Heligolanders (as they were named in the British measures) from forfeiting advantages because of this imposed change of status.
Under the [[German Empire]], the islands became a major naval base, and during the [[World War I|First World War]] the civilian population was evacuated to the mainland. The first naval engagement of the war, the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight]], was fought nearby in the first month of the war. The islanders returned in 1918, but during the [[Nazism|Nazi]] era the naval base was reactivated. [[Lager Helgoland]], the [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[labour camp]] on [[Alderney]], was named after the island.
[[Werner Heisenberg]] first formulated the [[equation]] underlying his [[Heisenberg picture|picture]] of [[Quantum mechanics]] while on Heligoland in the [[1920s]].
During [[World War II]] the civilian population remained on the main island and were protected from Allied bombing in rock shelters, with most of the 128 people killed being anti-aircraft crews.
{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;"
| colspan="6" bgcolor="silver" | '''Bombing and Mining of Heligoland during World War II'''
|-
|- valign=top
! width=18% | Date/Target
! Result
|-
| [[March 11]], [[March 19]], [[August 24]], [[1944]]
| [[No. 466 Squadron RAAF]] conducted minelaying operations [http://www.halifaxlv827.co.uk/466missions.htm]
|-
| [[April 18]], [[1944]]
| [[No. 466 Squadron RAAF]] conducted bombing operations [http://www.halifaxlv827.co.uk/466missions.htm]
|-
| [[August 29]], [[1944]]
| Mission 584: 11 [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]es and 34 [[B-24 Liberator]]s bomb Heligoland Island; 3 B-24s are damaged. Escort is provided by 169 [[P-38 Lightning]]s and [[P-51 Mustang]]s; 7 P-51s are damaged.<ref name=usaaf>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944.php|title=8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles|work=|accessdate=2007-05-25|publisher=}} [http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-06.php June], [http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-07.php July], [http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-08.php August], [http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-09.php September], [http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_1944-10.php October]</ref>
|-
| [[September 3]], [[1944]]
| [[Operation Aphrodite]] B-17 63954 attempt on U-boat pens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_3a.html|title=1942 USAAF Serial Numbers (42-57213 to 42-70685)|work=Encyclopedia of American Aircraft|accessdate=2007-04-10|publisher=Joseph F. Baugher}}</ref> failed when US Navy controller flew aircraft into Duene Island by mistake.
|-
| [[September 11]], [[1944]]
| [[Operation Aphrodite]] B-17 30180 attempt on U-boat pens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_3a.html|title=1942 USAAF Serial Numbers (42-57213 to 42-70685)|work=Encyclopedia of American Aircraft|accessdate=2007-04-10|publisher=Joseph F. Baugher}}</ref> hit by enemy flak and crashed into sea.
|-
| [[September 29]]/30, [[1944]]
| 15 Lancasters conducted minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[October 5]]/6, [[1944]]
| 10 Halifaxes conducted '''minelaying''' off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[October 15]], [[1944]]
| [[Operation Aphrodite]] B-17 30039 *Liberty Belle* and B-17 37743 attempt on U-boat pens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_2.html|title=1942 USAAF Serial Numbers (42-30032 to 42-39757)|work=Encyclopedia of American Aircraft|accessdate=2007-04-10|publisher=Joseph F. Baugher}}</ref> destroyed many of the buildings of the Unterland
|-
| [[October 26]]/27, [[1944]]
| 10 Lancasters of No 1 Group conducted minelaying off Heligoland. 1 Lancaster minelayer lost.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[November 22]]/23, [[1944]]
| 17 Lancasters conducted minelaying off Heligoland and in the mouth of the River Elbe without loss.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[November 23]], [[1944]]
| 4 Mosquitos conducted Ranger patrols in the Heligoland area. No aircraft lost.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[February 4]]/5, [[1945]]
| 15 Lancasters and 12 Halifaxes minelaying off Heligoland and in the River Elbe. No minelaying aircraft lost<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[March 16]]/17, [[1945]]
| 12 Halifaxes and 12 Lancasters minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.<ref name=diary/>
|-
| [[April 19]], [[1945]]
| 969 aircraft - 617 [[Avro Lancaster]]s, 332 [[Handley Page Halifax]]es, 20 [[de Havilland Mosquito]]s of all groups - successfully used [[Tallboy bomb|Tallboys]] to bomb the Naval base, airfield, & town into crater-pitted [[moonscape]]s. 3 Halifaxes were lost,<ref name=diary>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html|title=Campaign Diary|work=Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary|accessdate=2007-05-24|publisher=UK Crown}} '''1944''': [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html June], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html July], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html August], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html September], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct44.html October], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov44.html November], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html December]</ref> and the islands were evacuated the following night.
|-
|}
From 1945 to 1952 the uninhabited islands were used as a bombing range. On [[18 April]], [[1947]], the Royal Navy detonated 6,800 tonnes of explosives ("Big Bang" or "British Bang"), creating [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|one of the biggest non-nuclear ''single'' detonation in history]].<ref name="SpiegelHelgoland">{{cite web
| date = [[April 13]] [[2007]]
| url =http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,477076,00.html
| title=Der Tag, an dem Helgoland der Megabombe trotzte
| publisher=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]]
| accessdate=2007-04-13}}</ref>
While aiming at the fortifications, the island's total destruction would have been accepted. The blow shook the main island several miles down to its base, changing its shape (the Mittelland was created).
In 1952 the islands were restored to the German authorities, who had to clear a huge amount of undetonated ammunition, landscape the main island, and rebuild the houses before it could be resettled.
Heligoland is now a holiday resort and enjoys a [[Duty free|tax-exempt status]], as it is part of the EU but [[Special member state territories and the European Union#Island of Heligoland|excluded]] from the [[European Union Value Added Tax Area|EU VAT area]] and customs union, and consequently, much of the economy is founded on sales of [[cigarette]]s, [[alcoholic beverage]]s and [[perfume]]s to [[tourism|tourists]] who visit the islands.
Also, there is a [[search and rescue]] (SAR) base of the [[German Navy]] on Heligoland (German SAR #10).
==Road restrictions==
There are very few cars on Heligoland. There is a special section ([[§]][[50]]) in the German [[Rules of the road|traffic laws]] (''Straßenverkehrsordnung'' [StVO]) disallowing the use of [[automobile]]s and [[bicycle]]s on the island. No other region in Germany has any exceptions to the general laws in the StVO, ([http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/stvo/__50.html The section in German]) though other North Sea islands, such as [[Baltrum]] have also banned public use of cars and bicycles.
The area received its first police car on [[17 January]] [[2006]]. Until then, the island's policemen moved around on foot and by bicycle. The car is needed occasionally to transport heavy materials.
== Notable Residents ==
* [[James Krüss]] (1926–1997), poet
==Heligoland in popular culture==
* Heligoland gave its name to the [[Heligoland trap]], used in [[bird ringing]].
* [[Anton Bruckner]] composed [[Helgoland (Bruckner)|a large scale choral work]] based on text about Heligoland.
* The text of the [[Das Lied der Deutschen|German National Anthem]] was written on Heligoland during British rule.{{clarify}}
* "Heligoland" was a previous designation of the sea area [[German Bight]] for the purposes of the Sea Area [[Shipping Forecast]] on the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC) between 1949 and 1956
* Heligoland is the name of a song by [[Overseer]], which describes the changes in shipping forecast when the island was reoccupied.
* Was the subject of a WWI song: "We'll knock the Heligo-into Heligo-out of Heligoland!"
* Swedish author [[August Strindberg]] married for the second time on this island with Austrian journalist [[Frida Uhl]] in 1893.
* Part of ''[[Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens]]'' was filmed here.
* Physicist [[Werner Heisenberg]] formulates the idea of the [[Uncertainty Principle]] on this island in the play ''[[Copenhagen (play)|Copenhagen]]'' (1998) by [[Michael Frayn]].
-->
==Pennadoù kar==
* [[Timbroù Heligoland]]
* [[Forseti]], doue enoret en Helgoland.
==Notennoù==
{{reflist}}
==Lennadurezh==
===Kelaouennoù===
* Charlier, C. (1947) "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948C&T....64..193C L'explosion d'Heligoland. - Discussion des observations effectuées à Uccle]", ''Ciel et Terre'', '''64''', p. 193–214
* Gardner, N. (2008) An island outpost: Helgoland. ''hidden Europe magazine'', 20, pp.2-7 (ISSN 1860-6318) (Historical synopsis with review of modern economy and society on Helgoland).
* Reich, H., Foertsch, O. and Schulze, G.A. (1951) "[http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1951/JZ056i002p00147.shtml Results of seismic observations in Germany on the Heligoland explosion of April 18, 1947]", ''J. Geophys. Res.'', '''56''' (2), p. 147–156.
===Levrioù===
====E saozneg====
* Black, William G. (1888) ''Heligoland and the Islands of the North Sea'', London : W. Blackwood & Sons, 199 p.
* Drower, George (2003) ''Heligoland - The True Story of German Bight and the Island that Britain Betrayed'', Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-2600-7
* Ritsema, Alex (2007) ''Heligoland, Past and Present'', Lulu.com, ISBN 1-84753-190-3
==Liammoù diavaez==
{{commonscat|Heligoland}}
* [http://www.helgoland.de/engl.htm Heligoland Tourist Board] — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
* [http://velutina.brinkster.net/Helgopalmen/Englisch/StartPage.htm Site about planting palms on Heligoland]
* [http://www.jostjahn.de/reisen/inselhelgoland.html Heligoland Web Cams]
{{Inizi Friz}}
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