Rollon : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
TXiKiBoT (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
D Robot ouzhpennet: da, de, el, eo, es, fi, is, it, ja, nl, no, nrm, pl, pt, ru, sr, sv kemmet: fr
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
[[Image:Rollo statue in falaise.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Delwenn Rollon e [[Falaise]].]]
'''Rollon'''( war-dro 860 – war-dro 932), pe Rollo hervez e anv latin, pe [[Roperzh]] hervez e [[anv-badez|anv]] pa voe [[badeziant|badezet]], a oa ur [[Viking]] a voe roet dezhañ [[Normandi]] gant ar roue gall hag a vez lavaret e oa [[duged Normandi|dug]] adalek 911 betek e 927.
 
'''Rollon'''( (war-dro 860 – war-dro 932), pe ''Rollo'' hervez e anv latin (ha saoznek), pe [[Roperzh]] hervez e [[anv-badez|anv]] pa voe [[badeziant|badezet]], a oa ur [[Viking]] a voe roet dezhañ [[Normandi]] gant ar roue gall hag a vez lavaret e oa kentañ [[duged Normandi|dug]] Normandi adalek 911 betek e 927.
 
Krediñ a reer eo un anv frank-latin deuet eus an anv norsek kozh [[Hrolf|Hrólfr]] , diwar skouer latinekadur [[Hrólfr Kraki]] e ''Roluo'' e-barzh ar ''[[Gesta Danorum]]'', troet hiziv da [[Rolf]]. Diwar an anv-se e teu ivez an anv gallek [[Raoul]].
 
== Istor==
Ur [[Viking]] e oa Rollo, met tabut zo diwar-benn e orin . Hervez [[Dudo of St. Quentin]], en e [http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_moribus_et_actis_primorum_Normannorum_ducum De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum]
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{{la icon}}, tells of a powerful [[Denmark|Danish]] nobleman at loggerheads with the [[Monarch|king]] of [[Denmark]], who then died and left his two sons, Gurim and Rollo, leaving Rollo to be expelled and Gurim killed. [[William of Jumièges]] also mentions Rollo's prehistory in his ''[[Gesta Normannorum Ducum]]'' however he states that he was from the Danish town of [[Fakse]]. [[Wace]], writing some 300 years after the event in his ''[[Roman de Rou]]'', also mentions the two brothers (as ''Rou'' and ''Garin''), as does the [[Orkneyinga Saga]].
 
{{wikisourcelang|la|De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum|De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum}}
 
[[Norway|Norwegian]] and [[Iceland]]ic historians identified this Rollo with a son of [[Rognvald Eysteinsson]], Earl of [[Møre og Romsdal|Møre]], in [[Western Norway]], based on medieval Norwegian and Icelandic sagas that mention a [[Ganger Hrolf]] (Hrolf, the Walker). The oldest source of this version is the Latin [[Historia Norvegiae]], written in Norway at the end of the 12th century. This Hrolf fell foul of the Norwegian king [[Harald Fairhair]], and became a [[earl|Jarl]] in Normandy. The nickname of that character came from being so big that no horse (or at least not the Norwegian ponies of that era) could carry him.
 
The question of Rollo's Danish or Norwegian origins was a matter of heated dispute between Norwegian and Danish historians of the 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the run-up to Normandy's 1000-year-anniversary in 1911. Today, historians still disagree on this question, but most would now agree that a certain conclusion can never be reached.
 
==Invasion of France==
[[Image:Rollo Rouen.jpg|thumb|Statue of Rollo in Rouen]]
 
In 885, Rollo was one of the lesser leaders of the Viking fleet which [[Siege of Paris (885-886)|besieged Paris]] under [[Sigfred]]. Legend has it that an emissary was sent by the king to find the chieftain and negotiate terms. When he asked for this information, the Vikings replied that they were all chieftains in their own right. In 886, when Sigfred retreated in return for tribute, Rollo stayed behind and was eventually bought off and sent to harry [[Burgundy]].
 
Later, he returned to the [[Seine]] with his followers (known as Danes, or Norsemen). He invaded the area of northern [[France]] now known as [[Normandy]].
 
 
In 911 Rollo's forces were defeated at the [[Battle of Chartres]] by the troops of King [[Charles the Simple]].<ref> David C. Douglas. ''The Normans.'' The [[Folio Society]]. 2002; p. 24</ref>
In the aftermath of the battle, rather than pay Rollo to leave, as was customary, [[Charles the Simple]] understood that he could no longer hold back their onslaught, and decided to give Rollo the coastal lands they occupied under the condition that he defend against other raiding Vikings.
In the [[Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte]] (911) with King Charles, Rollo pledged [[feudalism|feudal]] allegiance to the king, changed his name to the Frankish version, and converted to [[Christianity]], probably with the [[baptism]]al name Robert.<ref>''Roman de Rou'', [[Wace]]</ref> In return, King Charles granted Rollo the lower [[Seine]] area (today's upper Normandy) and the titular rulership of Normandy, centred around the city of [[Rouen]]. There exists some argument among historians as to whether Rollo was a "[[duke]]" (''dux'') or whether his position was equivalent to that of a "[[count]]" under [[Charlemagne]]. According to legend, when required to kiss the foot of King Charles, as a condition of the treaty, he refused to perform so great a humiliation, and when Charles extended his foot to Rollo, Rollo ordered one of his warriors to do so in his place. His warrior then lifted Charles' foot up to his mouth causing him to fall to the ground.<ref>Holden, A.J. (1970). ''Le Roman de Rou de Wace''. Paris: Éditions A.J. Picard. p.54. Lines 1147-1156
</ref>
 
== Settlement ==
Initially, Rollo stayed true to his word of defending the shores of the Seine river in accordance to the [[Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte]], but in time he and his followers had very different ideas. Rollo began to divide the land between the Epte and Risle rivers among his chieftains and settled there with a ''de facto'' capital in Rouen. With these settlements, Rollo began to further raid other Frankish lands, now from the security of a settled homeland, rather than a mobile fleet. Eventually, however, Rollo's men intermarried with the local women, and became more settled as Frenchmen. At the time of his death, Rollo's expansion of his territory had extended as far west as the [[Vire River]].
 
== Death ==
[[Image:Grave of Rollo of Normandy.jpg|thumb|Rollo's grave at the [[Rouen Cathedral|cathedral of Rouen]]]]
 
Sometime around 927, Rollo passed the [[Duchy of Normandy|fief in Normandy]] to his son, [[William I of Normandy|William Longsword]]. Rollo may have lived for a few years after that, but certainly died before 933. According to the historian [[Adémar de Chabannes|Adhemar]], 'As Rollo's death drew near, he went mad and had a hundred Christian prisoners beheaded in front of him in honour of the [[Norse gods|gods whom he had worshipped]], and in the end distributed a hundred pounds of gold around the churches in honour of the true God in whose name he had accepted baptism.' Even though Rollo had converted to [[Christianity]], some of his [[Norse paganism|pagan]] roots surfaced at the end.
 
== Legacy ==
Rollo is a direct ancestor of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]]. Through William, he is a [[Direct descent from William I to Elizabeth II|direct ancestor and predecessor of the present-day British royal family]].
 
The "[[clameur de haro|Clameur de Haro]]" in the [[Channel Islands]] is, supposedly, an appeal to Rollo.
 
==Genealogy==
[[Image:Cronological tree william I.svg|thumb|600px|center]]
 
 
 
==Family==
 
Rollo married firstly Poppa de Bayeux, they had issue:
 
* [[William I, Duke of Normandy|William Longsword]]
* [[Gerloc]] (Adele)
* Kadline, wife of Bjolan, a Scottish King.
* Gerletta married [[William II of Aquitaine]].
* Crispina married Grimaldus Prince of [[Monaco]], from this issue came the [[Grimaldi]] line of [[Monaco]].
 
Rollo then repudiated Poppa and married in 912 Gisela (d.919) daughter of [[Charles III of France]] and had:
 
* Griselle wife of Thorbard av Møre (Which was changed to Herbert de la Mare, when he became the first Lord of St. Opportune-la-Mare. Opportune-the-Mare).
 
He then re-married his first wife again after Gisela's death.
 
== Depictions in fiction ==
Rollo is the subject of the 17th Century play [[Rollo Duke of Normandy]] written by John Fletcher, Philip Massinger, Ben Jonson, and George Chapman.
 
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==Liammoù diavaez==
*D.C. Douglas, "Rollo of Normandy", ''English Historical Review'', Vol. 57 (1942), pp. 414-436
*Robert Helmerichs, [Rollo as Historical Figure]
*Rosamond McKitterick, ''The Frankish Kingdom under the Carolingians, 751-987'', (Longman) 1983
*[http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost11/Dudo/dud_f.html Dudonis gesta Normannorum] - Dudo of St. Quentin ''Gesta Normannorum'' Latin version at Bibliotheca Augustana
*[http://www.the-orb.net/orb_done/dudo/dudindex.html Dudo of St. Quentin's Gesta Normannorum] - An English Translation
*Gwyn Jones. Second edition: A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. (1984).
*William W. Fitzhugh and Elizabeth Ward. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Smithsonian Institute Press. (2000)
*Eric Christiansen. The Norsemen in the Viking Age. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. (2002)
*Agnus Konstam. Historical Atlas of the Viking World. Checkmark Books. (2002)
*Holgar Arbman. Ancient People and Places: The Vikings. Thames and Hudson. (1961)
*Eric Oxenstierna. The Norsemen, New York Graphics Society Publishers, Ltd. (1965)
 
*[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORWEGIAN%20NOBILITY.htm#Ragnvalddied894A FMG on Ragnvald the Wise, the father of Rollo? Probably conjectural or doubtful, see the following link below]
*[http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/rollo000.htm Stewart Baldwin's report on the unknown parentage of Rollo]
 
 
 
 
[[Rummad:Istor Normandi]]