Dál Riata : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Pajenn nevez : '''Dál Riata''' (pe '''Dalriada''' pe '''Dalriata''') a oa ur rouantelezh ouezel en arvor Bro-Skos , a berc'henne un nebeud douaroù en Iwerzhon. War-dro dibenn ar VIve...
 
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
'''Dál Riata''' (pe '''Dalriada''' pe '''Dalriata''') a oa ur rouantelezh [[ouezel]] en arvor [[Bro-Skos]] , a berc'henne un nebeud douaroù en [[Iwerzhon]]. War-dro dibenn ar VIvet kantved, ha deroù ar VIIvet, e oa enni tachennoù [[Argyll ha Bute]] ha [[Lochaber]] ha [[County Antrim]] en [[Ulster]].<ref name="OxfordCompanion1">Oxford Companion to Scottish History p. 161 162, edited by Michael Lynch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199234820.</ref>
 
En [[Argyll]] ne oa da gentañ nemet teir [[kenel|c'henel]]:
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*[[Cenél Loairn]] en hanternoz hag er c'hreiz,
En [[Argyll]] it consisted initially of three kindreds: [[Cenél Loairn]] (kindred of Loarn) in north and mid-Argyll, [[Cenél nÓengusa]] (kindred of Óengus) based on [[Islay]] and [[Cenél nGabráin]] (kindred of Gabrán) based in [[Kintyre]]; a fourth kindred, Cenél Chonchride in Islay, was apparently considered too small to be considered a major division. By the end of the 7th century a fourth kindred, [[Cenél Comgaill]] (kindred of Comgall) had emerged, based in eastern Argyll. The Lorn and Cowal districts of Argyll take their names from Cenél Loairn and Cenél Comgaill respectively,<ref name="OxfordCompanion1"/> while the [[Morvern]] district was formerly known as Kinelvadon, from the Cenél Báetáin, a subdivision of the Cenél Loairn.<ref>Watson, ''Celtic Place-names of Scotland'', p. 122.</ref>
* [[Cenél nÓengusa]] (kenel Óengus) en [[Islay]]
* [[Cenél nGabráin]] (kenel Gabrán) e [[Kintyre]];
* ur pedervet kenel, Cenél Chonchride en Islay, a seblant bezañ bet re vihan da vezañ a bouez.
 
War-dro dibenn ar VIIvet kantved e teuas ur genel war wel, [[Cenél Comgaill]], e reter Argyll. Distrigoù Lorn ha Cowal en Argyll o deus miret anvioù Cenél Loairn ha Cenél Comgaill,<ref name="OxfordCompanion1"/> ha distrig [[Morvern]] a oa gwechall Kinelvadon, diwar Cenél Báetáin, ur rann eus Cenél Loairn.<ref>Watson, ''Celtic Place-names of Scotland'', p. 122.</ref>
Dál Riata is commonly viewed as having been an Irish Gaelic colony in Scotland, although some archaeologists have recently argued against this.<ref>The case against the colonial view is given fully in Ewan Campbell, "Were the Scots Irish ?" in ''Antiquity'', 75 (2001), pp. 285&ndash;292. It should be noted that Campbell's is an archaeologically based theory. Historians are divided on the question.</ref> The inhabitants of Dál Riata are often referred to as Scots, from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''[[Scoti|scotti]]'' for the inhabitants of Ireland, and later came to mean [[Middle Irish language|Gaelic]]-speakers, whether Scottish, Irish or other.<ref>Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', p. 159&ndash;160, considers whether the Latin terms ''Scotti'' and ''Atacotti'' refer to the confederations in Ulster and Leinster respectively. The etymology of ''Scotti'', and its Gaelic roots, if any, are uncertain. The term in late Classical sources is either specifically linked to raiders from Ireland, or is geographically ambiguous. In sharp contrast, no clear reference pointing to Scotti in Scotland in the Roman period has been found. Despite several references listing different combinations of Picti, Scotti, Hiberni, Attecotti and Saxons together as later Roman Britain's archetypal enemies, it is worth noting that 'Scotti' and 'Hiberni' are never listed together, confirming they were then, as they were later, alternative names for the Irish or confederations of the Irish. Regardless of the original sense, or its modern popularity, to use the term Scot in this context invites confusion.</ref> They are referred to here as [[Gaels]], an unambiguous term, or as Dál Riatans.<ref>See ''[[1066 And All That]]'', p. 5, for a parody of the confusion the word "Scot" engenders in this context.</ref>
 
DálAlies Riatae isweler commonlyDál viewedRiata asevel havingun beendrevadenn aniwerzhonat Irishe GaelicBro-Skos, colonypetra inbennak Scotland,ma althoughsav someun archaeologiststoullad havehendraourien recentlya-enep-krenn arguedd'ar againstgredenn-se this.<ref>The case against the colonial view is given fully in Ewan Campbell, "Were the Scots Irish ?" in ''Antiquity'', 75 (2001), pp. 285&ndash;292. It should be noted that Campbell's is an archaeologically based theory. Historians are divided on the question.</ref> TheTud inhabitants of Dál Riata area oftenvez referredgraet to[[Skoted]] asanezho alies Scots, fromdiwar thean [[Latinanv language|Latin]]latin ''[[Scoti|scotti]]'' fora theveze inhabitantsgraet ofeus Irelandtud Iwerzhon ivez, andhag latera camedalveze tokement meanha [[Middle Irish language|Gaelicgouezeleg]]-speakerserien, whether Scottishpe e vijent a Skos, Irisha orIwerzhon, pe a lec'h otherall.<ref>Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', p. 159&ndash;160, considers whether the Latin terms ''Scotti'' and ''Atacotti'' refer to the confederations in Ulster and Leinster respectively. The etymology of ''Scotti'', and its Gaelic roots, if any, are uncertain. The term in late Classical sources is either specifically linked to raiders from Ireland, or is geographically ambiguous. In sharp contrast, no clear reference pointing to Scotti in Scotland in the Roman period has been found. Despite several references listing different combinations of Picti, Scotti, Hiberni, Attecotti and Saxons together as later Roman Britain's archetypal enemies, it is worth noting that 'Scotti' and 'Hiberni' are never listed together, confirming they were then, as they were later, alternative names for the Irish or confederations of the Irish. Regardless of the original sense, or its modern popularity, to use the term Scot in this context invites confusion.</ref> TheyAmañ aree referredvint to here asanvet [[GaelsGouezeled]], an unambiguous term, or as Dál Riatans.<ref>See ''[[1066 And All That]]'', p. 5, for a parody of the confusion the word "Scot" engenders in this context.</ref>
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The kingdom reached its height under [[Áedán mac Gabráin]] (r. 574-608), but its expansion was checked at the [[Battle of Degsastan]] in 603 by [[Æthelfrith of Northumbria]]. Serious defeats in Ireland and Scotland in the time of [[Domnall Brecc]] (d. 642) ended Dál Riata's Golden Age, and the kingdom became a client of [[Northumbria]], then subject to the [[Picts]]. There is disagreement over the fate of the kingdom from the late eighth century onwards. Some scholars have seen no revival of Dal Riata after the long period of foreign domination (after 637 to around 750 or 760), while others have seen a revival of Dal Riata under [[Áed Find]] (736-778), and later [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth MacAlpin]] (Cináed mac Ailpín, who is claimed in some sources to have taken the kingship there in c.840 following the disastrous defeat of the Pictish army by the Danes): some even claim that the kingship of [[Fortriu]] was usurped by the Dál Riata several generations before MacAlpin (800-858).<ref>Smyth, and Bannerman, ''Scottish Takeover'', present this case, arguing that Pictish kings from [[Ciniod II of the Picts|Ciniod son of Uuredech]] and [[Caustantín of the Picts|Caustantín]] onwards were descendants of [[Fergus mac Echdach]] and Feradach, son of [[Selbach mac Ferchair]]. Broun's ''Pictish Kings'' offers an alternative reconstruction, and one which has attracted considerable support, e.g. Clancy, "Iona in the kingdom of the Picts: a note", Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp 57&ndash;67.</ref> The kingdom disappeared in the [[Viking Age]].