Stumm eus an 21 Gen 2009 da 16:16 kemmañ Neal (kaozeal \| degasadennoù) 36 397 kemm Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm ← Kemm kent		Stumm eus an 21 Gen 2009 da 16:18 kemmañ dizober Neal (kaozeal \| degasadennoù) 36 397 kemm Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm Kemm nevesoc'h →
Linenn 1: Er [[yezhoniezh]] e vez implijet an termen '''graer''' (e [[saozneg]] "''agent''", diwar al [[latin]] ''agere''; "ober") evit komz eus ~~In [[linguistics]], a '''grammatical agent'''~~ is the [[participant]] of a situation that carries out the [[action (philosophy)\|action]] in this situation. Also, ''agent'' is the name of the [[thematic role]] (also known as the [[Thematic relations\|thematic relation]]) with the above definition~~. The word comes from a participle of the Latin verb ''agere'', to do~~. Typically, the situation is denoted by a [[Sentence (linguistics)\|sentence]], the action by a [[verb]] in the sentence, and the agent by a [[noun phrase]]. Linenn 6 ⟶ 7: For example, in the sentence "Jack kicked the ball", ''Jack'' is the agent. In certain languages, the agent is [[declension\|declined]] or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. In [[Japanese language\|Japanese]], for instance, the agent is typically affixed with \|ga\| (the [[hiragana]] が). Although [[English language\|Modern English]] does not mark grammatical role, agency is informally represented using certain conventions; for instance, with the [[morpheme]]s "-ing", "-er", or "-or", as in "eating", "user", or "prosecutor". (Cf. [[agent noun]].) ==An diforc'h etre ar graer hag ar rener== The notion of agency is easy to grasp intuitively but notoriously difficult to define: typical qualities that a grammatical agent often has are that it has volition, is sentient or perceives, causes a change of state, or moves. The linguist [[David Dowty\|David Dowty]] included these qualities in his definition of a Proto-Agent, and proposed that the nominal with the most elements of the Proto-Agent and the fewest elements of the Proto-Patient tends to be treated as the agent in a sentence<ref>Dowty, David. 1991. "Thematic proto-roles and argument selection", ''Language'', 67.3:547-619</ref>. This solves problems that most semanticists have with deciding on the number and quality of thematic roles. For example, in the sentence ''His energy surprised everyone'', ''His energy'' is the agent, even though it does not have most of the typical agent-like qualities such as perception, movement, or volition. The grammatical agent is often confused with the [[subject (grammar)\|subject]], but these two notions are quite distinct: the former is based explicitly on its relationship to the [[verb]], whereas the latter is based on the [[information flow\|flow of information]], word order, and importance to the sentence. In a sentence such as "The boy kicked the ball", "the boy" is the agent ''and'' the subject. However, when the sentence is rendered in the [[passive voice]], "The ball was kicked by the boy", "the ball" is the grammatical subject, but "the boy" is still the agent~~. Many sentences in English and other [[Indo-European languages]] have the agent as subject~~.▼ ▲The grammatical agent is often confused with the [[subject (grammar)\|subject]], but these two notions are quite distinct: the former is based explicitly on its relationship to the [[verb]], whereas the latter is based on the [[information flow\|flow of information]], word order, and importance to the sentence. In a sentence such as "The boy kicked the ball", "the boy" is the agent ''and'' the subject. However, when the sentence is rendered in the [[passive voice]], "The ball was kicked by the boy", "the ball" is the grammatical subject, but "the boy" is still the agent. Many sentences in English and other [[Indo-European languages]] have the agent as subject. ==Gwelit ivez:==

Graer (yezhoniezh) : diforc'h etre ar stummoù