Y Gododdin : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
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Linenn 8:
Kontañ a ra ar barzh e oa bet bodet un 300 brezelour brezhon, darn eus Bro ar Bikted, darn eus [[Rouantelezh Gwynedd]] zoken, e ''Din Eidyn'', bremañ [[Edinburgh]], hag e-pad ur bloaz e voent o vanveziñ. Goude ezejont da arsailhañ [[Catraeth]], a vije kêr [[Catterick, North Yorkshire|Catterick]], e [[North Yorkshire]].
Goude emgannañ e-pad meur a zevezh ne zistroas nemet ur brezelour. E doareoù all eus ar varzhonegez eas 363 betek Catraeth ha tri eo a zistroas.
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and its allies
The poem is known from one manuscript dating from the second half of the 13th century, partly written in [[Middle Welsh]] orthography and partly in [[Old Welsh]]. If it dates from the late 6th century it would originally have been composed in the [[Cumbric language]], related to the [[Old Welsh language]], also called "Archaic Neo-Brittonic". The manuscript contains several stanzas which have no connection with the Gododdin and are considered to be interpolations. One stanza of ''Y Gododdin'' mentions [[King Arthur|Arthur]], which would be of great importance as the earliest known reference if the stanza could be shown to date from the late 6th or early 7th centuries.
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<!--There is only one early manuscript of ''Y Gododdin'', the [[Book of Aneirin]], thought to date from the second half of the 13th century. The currently accepted view is that this manuscript contains the work of two scribes, usually known as A and B. Scribe A wrote down 88 stanzas of the poem,<ref>The manuscript separates stanzas by the use of large capitals but does not separate the text into lines. The arrangement used by most editors follows that used by [[Ifor Williams]] in his 1938 edition.</ref> then left a blank page before writing down four related poems known as ''Gorchanau''.<ref>Klar, O Hehir and Sweetser considered that a third scribe, whom they called C, wrote the text of the ''Gorchanau''. This view is disputed by Huws, who considers that these were the work of Scribe A. See Huws, pp. 34, 48</ref> This scribe wrote the material down in [[Middle Welsh]] orthography. Scribe B added material later, and apparently had access to an earlier manuscript since the material added by this scribe is in [[Old Welsh]] orthography. Scribe B wrote 35 stanzas, some of which are variants of stanzas also given by Scribe A while others are not given by A. The last stanza is incomplete and three folios are missing from the end of the manuscript, so some material may have been lost.<ref>Jarman, p.xiv</ref>
There are differences within the material added by Scribe B. The first 23 stanzas of the B material shows signs of partial modernisation of the orthography, while the remainder show much more retention of Old Welsh features. Jarman explains this by suggesting that Scribe B started by partially modernising the orthography as he copied the stanzas, but after a while tired of this and copied the remaining stanzas as they were in the older manuscript. Isaac suggested that Scribe B was using two sources, called B1 and B2.<ref>Koch, p. lxvi</ref> If this is correct, the material in the Books of Aneirin is from three sources.
Linenn 37 ⟶ 41:
Other stanzas praise the entire host, for example number 13:
{{quote|Men went to Catraeth at morn<br>Their high spirits lessened their life-span<br>They drank mead, gold and sweet, ensnaring;<br>For a year the minstrels were merry.<br>Red their swords, let the blades remain<br>Uncleansed, white shields and four-sided spearheads,<br>Before Mynyddog Mwynfawr's men.<ref>Clancy, p. 36</ref>}}
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[[Mez]] a zo menegete meura werzenn , ma c'haller soñjal ez eo kaoz d'o marv. Tud zo o deus bet skrivet en XIXvet kantved ez eas ar Vrezhoned-se d'en em gannañ en mezv. ,<ref>This idea goes back at least to Turner in 1803.</ref>
[[Mead]] is mentioned in many stanzas, sometimes with the suggestion that it is linked to their deaths. This led some 19th-century editors to assume that the warriors went into battle drunk,<ref>This idea goes back at least to Turner in 1803.</ref> however Williams explained that "mead" here stood for everything the warriors received from their lord. In return, they were expected to "pay their mead" by being loyal to their lord unto death. A similar concept is found in Anglo-Saxon poetry.<ref>Williams 1938, pp. xlviii-xlvix.</ref> The heroes commemorated in the poem are mounted warriors; there are many references to horses in the poem. There are references to spears, swords and shields, and to the use of armour (''llurug'', from the [[Latin]] ''lorica'').<ref>Williams 1938, pp. lxii-lxiii.</ref> There are several references which indicate that they were Christians, for example "penance" and "altar", while the enemy are described as "heathens". Several of these features can be seen in stanza 33:▼
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{{quote|Men went to Catraeth with a war-cry,<br>Speedy steeds and dark armour and shields,<br>Spear-shafts held high and spear-points sharp-edged,<br> And glittering coats-of-mail and swords,<br>He led the way, he thrust through armies,<br>Five companies fell before his blades.<br>Rhufawn His gave gold to the altar,<br>And a rich reward to the minstrel."<ref>Clancy 1970, p. 44.</ref>}}
Linenn 69 ⟶ 78:
Dumville, commenting on these attempts to establish the historicity of the poem in 1988, said, "The case for authenticity, whatever exactly we mean by that, is not proven; but that does not mean that it cannot be."<ref>Dumville, p. 8.</ref> The fact that the great majority of the warriors mentioned in the poem are not known from other sources has been put forward by several authors as an argument against the idea that the poem could be a later composition. The poems which are known to be later "forgeries" have clearly been written for a purpose, for example to strengthen the claims of a particular dynasty. The men commemorated in ''Y Gododdin'' do not appear in the pedigrees of any Welsh dynasty.<ref>Jarman, p. lxix.</ref> Breeze comments, "it is difficult to see why a later poet should take the trouble to commemorate men who, but for the poem, would be forgotten".<ref>Breeze, p. 14.</ref>
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===Istor===
[[Image:North Britain 547-685.png|thumb|left|240px|
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▲[[Image:North Britain 547-685.png|thumb|left|240px|The Gododdin and neighbouring kingdoms]]
The poem is set in the area which is now southern Scotland and north-east England. Around the year 600 this area included a number of Brythonic kingdoms. Apart from the Gododdin, the kingdom of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Alt Clut]] occupied the [[Strathclyde]] area and [[Rheged]] covered parts of [[Galloway]], [[Lancashire]] and [[Cumbria]]. Further south lay the kingdom of [[Elmet]] in the [[Leeds]] area. These areas made up what was later known in Welsh as [[Hen Ogledd|''Yr Hen Ogledd'']] (The Old North). The Gododdin, known as the [[Votadini]] in the Romano-British period, occupied a territory from the area around the head of the [[Firth of Forth]] as far south as the [[River Wear]]. In modern terms their lands included much of [[Clackmannanshire]] and the [[Lothian]] and [[Scottish Borders|Borders]] regions. Their capital at this period was probably ''Din Eidyn'', now known as [[Edinburgh]].<ref>Jackson, p. 5.</ref> By this time the area that later became [[Northumbria]] had been invaded and increasingly occupied by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of [[Deira (kingdom)|Deira]] and [[Bernicia]].<ref>Jackson, pp. 5-9.</ref>
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