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D'an 22 a viz Here [[1993]] e tisklêrias e voe bet kemmet e anv gantañ hag adalek ar poent-se e ranke bezañ anvet '''''Tourkmenbasci''''' (reizhskrivadur turmenek: ''Türkmenbaşy'', [[Lizherenneg kirillek|kirillek]]: ''Туркменбаши'') hag a dalv "Penn an an Durmened" diwar skouer [[Kemal Atatürk]].
Tamallet e vez gant broioù ar c'hornôg da vezañ un [[diktator]] kriz hag a vac'h war e bobl. Ouzhpenn-se e vez tamallet da gas war-raok ur bolitikerezh diazezet war e bersonelezh dre ma vez kavet dre ar vro a-bezh poltredoù ha delwennoù dezhañ, a-wechoù alaouret zoken, ha da ma vez lakaet ar levr ''[[Ruhnama]]'' ("Levr an Ene"), bet skrivet gantañ, da levr sakr.
He is [[style (manner of address)|style]]d as "His Excellency Saparmurat Niyazov "Turkmenbashi", President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers". His title '''Turkmenbashi''', "the father of all Turkmen" refers to his position of the founder and president of the [[Association of Turkmens of the World]].
Gant Tourmenbachi an hini e ma oa bet divizet chom a-sav da skrivañ an [[turkmeneg]] gant [[Lizherenng kirillek|lizherennoù kirillek]], oc'h ober kentoc'h gant al [lizherennek latin]] evel ma reer e [[turkeg]], e yezh kar.
Criticized by Western media as one of the world's most authoritarian and repressive [[dictator]]s, he also has a reputation of imposing his personal [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]]ities upon the country, although in Turkmenistan, many do regard him as the "Great Leader of the Turkmen" (the meaning of his title). {{fact}}
==E vuhez==
NiyazovMervel wasa orphanedreas ate andud earlypa age;oa eñ yaouank. his father died fighting the Germans in [[World War II]] and the rest of his family was killed in the massive earthquake that leveled [[Ashgabat]] in [[1948]]. He was then raised in a Soviet orphanage before being taken into the home of a distant relative. ▼==Background==
▲Niyazov was orphaned at an early age; his father died fighting the Germans in [[World War II]] and the rest of his family was killed in the massive earthquake that leveled [[Ashgabat]] in [[1948]]. He was then raised in a Soviet orphanage before being taken into the home of a distant relative.
In [[1962]] Niyazov joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] where he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming head of the [[Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR]] (later known as the [[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]]) in 1985 after the previous leader, [[Muhammad Gapusov]], was removed by [[Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] due to a [[cotton]]-related [[corruption]] scandal. Niyazov, as leader of the [[Turkmen SSR]], supported the [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|coup]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in 1991 and retained control of the country after the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. He became Turkmenistan's first and only "[[president]]".
D'an 25 a viz Du [[2002]] e oa bet klasket lazhañ anezhañ evit abegoù politikel.
==Personality cult==
Niyazov is an [[authoritarian]] leader and is notorious in Western countries for the [[cult of personality|personality cult]] that he has established around himself in Turkmenistan. Claiming Turkmenistan to be a nation devoid of a national identity, he has attempted to rebuild the country to his own vision. He renamed the town of [[Krasnovodsk]], on the [[Caspian Sea]], [[Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan|Turkmenbashi]] after himself, in addition to renaming several schools, airports and even a [[meteorite]] after himself and his immediate family. Niyazov's face appears on [[Manat (Turkmenistan)|Manat]] [[banknotes]] and large portraits of the president hang all over the country, especially on major public buildings and avenues. Statues of himself and his mother are scattered all over [[Turkmenistan]], including one in the middle of the [[Kara Kum]] desert as well as a gold-plated statue atop Ashgabat's largest building, the [[Neutrality Arch]], that rotates so it will always face into the sun and shine light onto the capital city. Niyazov has commissioned a massive palace in Ashgabat commemorating his rule. He has been given the hero of Turkmenistan award five times. "I'm personally against seeing my pictures and statues in the streets - but it's what the people want," Niyazov has said.
The education system [[Indoctrination|indoctrinates]] young Turkmen to love Niyazov, with his works and speeches making up most of their textbooks' content. The primary text is a national epic written by Niyazov, the ''[[Ruhnama]]'' or ''Book of the Soul''. This book, a mixture of [[revisionism|revisionist]] history and moral guidelines, is intended as the "spiritual guidance of the nation" and the basis of the nation's arts and literature. With [[Soviet]]-era textbooks banned without being replaced by new publications, libraries are left with little more than Niyazov's works. In 2004, the dictator ordered the closure of all rural libraries on the grounds that he thought that village Turkmen do not read. In Niyazov's home village of [[Kipchak (village)|Kipchak]], a complex has been built to the memory of his mother, including a mosque (est. at US$100 million) conceived as a symbol of the rebirth of the Turkmen people. The walls of this edifice display precepts from the ''Ruhnama'' along with [[Qur'an]] [[sura]]s.
His official title is "His Excellency Saparmurat Niyazov "Turkmenbashi" President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers".
Older pictures of him had white hair; these days it is black.
==Domestic policies==
===Domestic economy===
His government decreed in 1991 on "the free use of water, gas and electricity by the people of Turkmenistan."<ref>[http://www.turkmenbashi.org/ His Excellency Saparmurat Niyazov "Turkmenbashi"] The official Website</ref>
===Culture===
In addition to placing himself at the center of Turkmen culture, Niyazov has sought to promote the culture to the world and cleanse it of Russian and Western influences. He has shut down opera and ballet companies, claiming them to be "unnecessary". Western-style universities and conservatories have been closed. Recorded music has been banned. He introduced a new [[Turkmen alphabet]] based on the [[Latin alphabet]] to replace [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] and [[Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week, 2002|renamed the days and months]] after himself, his family members, national heroes and symbols described in the ''Ruhnama''. According to this new calendar, January is called "Turkmenbashi". Niyazov has proposed to build new [[wonders of the world]] in Turkmenistan; these include an [[ice palace]] in August 2004 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3554626.stm] and a large zoo in September 2005. The "[[Ice palace %28Turkmenistan%29|ice palace]]" (ultimately an indoor [[ice skating]] rink rather than an ice structure) was completed in May 2006.[http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=8101&type=event&sort=date_desc ]
===Security===
After an alleged assassination attempt against him on [[November 25]], [[2002]], the Turkmen authorities proceeded to arrest massive numbers of suspected conspirators and members of their families. Some critics claim that the attempt was staged in order to crack down on mounting political opposition from inside the country and abroad.
The summer of 2004 saw a leaflet campaign in the capital, [[Ashgabat]], calling for the [[overthrow]] and [[Trial (law)|trial]] of Niyazov. The authorities were unable to stop the campaign and the President responded by firing his [[interior minister]] and director of the police academy on national television. He accused the minister of being [[incompetence|incompetent]] and declared: "I cannot say that you had any great merits or did much to combat crime."
Freedom of speech is virtually non-existent under Niyazov - any criticism of the leader is considered treason and is punishable by lengthy prison terms, imprisonment in mental institutions, or exile to camps near the Caspian Sea. Private conversations are monitored by government informers. Hardly any access to the [[Internet]] is available and any [[email]] activity is constantly monitored. In 2005, there were 36,000 Internet users out of a population of roughly 5,000,000; thus, 0.7% of the population have Internet accounts.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tx.html The World Factbook entry for Turkmenistan] information retrieved on [[30 August]] [[2006]]</ref>
==Foreign policy==
Niyazov is the main proponent of Turkmenistan's constitutional [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Under this policy, Turkmenistan does not participate in any military alliance and does not contribute to [[United Nations]] monitoring forces.
In late 2004, Niyazov met with former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]] to discuss an [[oil]] contract in Turkmenistan for a Canadian corporation. In March 2005, news of this meeting caused an uproar amongst opposition circles in Canada, who claimed the affair could damage Chrétien's legacy.
In 2005, Niyazov announced that his country would downgrade its links with the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], a loose alliance of [[post-Soviet states]]; he furthermore promised free and fair elections by 2010 in a move that surprised many Western observers.
In 2006, the [[European Commission]] and the international trade committee of the [[European Parliament]] voted to grant Turkmenistan "most favored nation" trading status with the [[European Union]], widely seen as motivated by interest in [[natural gas]], after Niyazov announced he would enter a "human rights dialogue" with the EU. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041301632.html]
==Presidential decrees==
As President-for-Life of Turkmenistan, he has issued many unconventional [[decree]]s, such as:
* In March 2004, dismissing 15,000 public health workers in wide-ranging cuts that particularly targeted [[nurse]]s, [[midwife|midwives]], school health visitors and [[orderly|orderlies]][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3522855.stm]
* In April 2004, urging young people not to get gold tooth caps or [[gold teeth]], suggesting instead that they chew on bones to preserve their teeth[http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/turkmenistan/hypermail/200404/0009.shtml]
* In February 2005, ordering the closure of all hospitals outside [[Ashgabat]], saying that if people were ill, they could come to the capital; also ordering the closure of all rural libraries of Turkmenistan, saying that ordinary Turkmen do not read books anyway[http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/turkmenistan/hypermail/200502/0008.shtml]
* In November 2005, ordering that [[physician]]s swear an oath to him instead of the [[Hippocratic Oath]]<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/11/ebd05992-4837-4416-9780-2aafd0561060.html Radio Free Europe: Turkmen Doctors Pledge Allegiance to Niyazov]</ref>
* In December 2005, banning [[video game]]s, stating that they were too violent for young Turkmen to play
* In January 2006, Russian media [http://txt.newsru.com/world/03feb2006/turkmenbashi.html reported] he had ordered to stop paying [[pension]]s to 1/3 (more than 100,000) of the country's elderly people, cutting pensions to another 200,000, and ordering to pay the pensions received in the past two years back to the State. This has supposedly resulted in a huge number of deaths of old people, who may have had their pension (ranging from US$10 to US$90) as the only source of money. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan strongly denied [http://turkmenistan.ru/index.php?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=7704&type=event&sort=date_desc] these allegations, accusing the media outlets of spreading "deliberately perverted" information on the issue.
* In September 2006, the Telegraph [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/09/16/wturkmen16.xml reported] that Turkmenbashi had issued a new pay scale for Turkmen teachers, which was to come into effect in October of that year. Until then, teachers who wished to avoid being put on the lowest grade of pay or even sacked, would have to write a newspaper article praising Turkmenbashi and have it published in one of the two newspapers of the country.
==Monuments to Niyazov==
*[http://www.tmrepublican.org/images/zz3.jpg A gold statue of Niyazov]
*[http://www.tmrepublican.org/images/zz2.jpg Niyazov wearing a suit in solid gold]
*[http://www.tmrepublican.org/images/zzz2_250.jpg Niyazov revolves to face the sun]
*[http://www.tmrepublican.org/images/turmen3.jpg Niyazov with his coat in solid gold]
{{succession box |
before=[[Muhammad Gapusov]]|
title=[[General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR]] |
years=1985 – [[June 21]], [[1991]] |
after=''None (Position Dissolved)''
}}
{{succession box |
before=''None (Position Created)''|
title=[[President of Turkmenistan]] |
years=[[June 21]], [[1991]] – Present |
after=''Incumbent''
}}
==Gwelet ivez==
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