Linchañ : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
D Robot ouzhpennet: hy:Լինչի դատաստան; Kemm dister
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[[FileSkeudenn:Lynching2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ur [[morian-amerikan]] linchet ha krouget e 1925.]]
'''Linchañ''', pe '''lynching''' hervez ar saozneg, zo ur c'hastiz graet gant un [[engroez]] tud, [[krougañ]] un den peurvuiañ, evit spontañ an dud all. Aliezik e c'hoarveze kement-se en amzerioù ma klaske an niver brasañ lakaat an niver bihanañ da blegañ da lezennoù pe d'un urzh kevredigezhel direizh.
 
En un doare strishoc'h e komzer eus lincherezh alies diwar-benn doareoù ar re wenn en USA da gondaoniñ morianed d'ar marv hep prosez, ha dreist-holl adalek an XIXvetkantved goude ar [[Brezel-diabarzh]].
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Violence in the United States against African Americans, especially in [[Southern United States|the South]], rose in the aftermath of the [[American Civil War]], after slavery had been abolished and recently freed black men were given the right to vote. Violence rose even more at the end of the century, after southern white Democrats regained political power in the South in the 1870s. States passed new constitutions or legislation which effectively [[disenfranchised]] most blacks and many poor whites, established [[racial segregation|segregation]] of public facilities by race, and separated blacks from common public life and facilities.
 
Nearly 5,000 African Americans were lynched in the United States between 1860 and 1890.<ref>''On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the Twenty-first Century'' by Sherrilyn A. Ifill (Beacon Press, 2007) ISBN 978-08070098710-8070-0987-1</ref> In her recent book, Sherrilyn A. Ifill, professor at the [[University of Maryland School of Law]], investigates how average white citizens were implicated in the lynchings. Some participated in the violence, while many others witnessed the lynchings but did nothing to stop the mobs. Her research explores how the history of complicity has become embedded in the social and cultural fabric of local communities that either supported, condoned, or ignored the violence.
 
Lynching during the late 19th century in the United States, Great Britain and colonies, coincided with a period of violence which denied people participation in white-dominated society on the basis of race or gender after the [[Emancipation Act]] of 1833.<ref>Thomas E. Smith, "The Discourse of Violence: Transatlantic Narratives of Lynching during High Imperialism", ''Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History'' - Volume 8, Number 2, Fall 2007 [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v008/8.2smith.html]</ref>
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Not all lynchings in the United States were targeted against African Americans and committed by the Ku Klux Klan. Between 1882 and 1968, the Tuskegee Institute recorded 1,293 lynchings of whites. In this category were minority members such as Chinese and Mexican, who were sometimes the targets of lynchings by European-American whites in [[Western world|the West]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In 1868, ten members of the [[Reno Gang]], all white and between 20 and 30 years of age, were lynched on three separate occasions by vigilante mobs in Southern Indiana.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} There was no formal investigation and no charges were ever filed against anyone.
 
Mob violence arose as a means of enforcing [[white supremacy]] and verged on systematic political terrorism. "The [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[paramilitary]] groups, and other whites united by frustration and anger ruthlessly defended the interests of white supremacy. The magnitude of extralegal violence during election campaigns reached epidemic proportions, leading the historian [[William Gillette]] to label it [[guerrilla warfare]]."<ref name="New South 1993">''Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930'' by W. Fitzhugh Brundage (University of Illinois Press: 1993) ISBN 978-02520634590-252-06345-9</ref><ref name="Barry A. Crouch 1868">Barry A. Crouch, "A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868," ''Journal of Social History'' 18 (Winter 1984): 217–26</ref><ref>Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. 119–23;</ref><ref name="J.C.A. Stagg 1871">J.C.A. Stagg, "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871," ''Journal of American Studies'' 8 (Dec. 1974): 303–18</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Allen W. Trelease, ''White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction'' Harper & Row, 1979</ref>
 
During [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], the Ku Klux Klan and others used lynching as a means to control [[African Americans]], forcing them to work for planters and preventing them from exercising their right to vote.<ref name="New South 1993"/><ref name="Barry A. Crouch 1868"/><ref name="J.C.A. Stagg 1871"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. 119–23</ref> White [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] were often victims of lynching as well in the post-war period.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Federal troops and courts enforcing the [[Civil Rights Act of 1871]] largely broke up the Reconstruction-era Klan.
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According to an [[Amnesty International]] report, lynchings of Haitians and Dominicans accused of various crimes, ranging from theft to murder, have continued to occur as late as 2006.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/dom-summary-eng Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
== Haiti ==
After the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 earthquake]] slow distribution of relief supplies and the large number of affected people created concerns of civil unrest, marked by [[looting]] and [[mob justice]] against suspected looters.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/751792--haiti-street-justice-the-worst-in-people "Haiti street justice: The worst in people - 'We are at a moment of disaster,' man says after mob beats suspected looter"]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/world/americas/17looting.html?hp "Looting Flares Where Authority Breaks Down"]</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6990401.ece "Anarchy looms on streets of Port-au-Prince - 3m survivors could run riot in Haiti unless aid gets in, UN warns"]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/15/looters-roam-port-au-prince "Looters roam Port-au-Prince as earthquake death toll estimate climbs - Hunger and thirst turn to violence in Haiti as planes unable to offload aid supplies fast enough"]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7005853/Haiti-earthquake-UN-says-worst-disaster-ever-dealt-with.html|title=Haiti earthquake: UN says worst disaster ever dealt with|last=Sherwell |first=Philip |coauthors= and Colin Freeman|date=16 January 2010|publisher=Telegraph Co. uk|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref>
 
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{{Main|Caste-related violence in India}}
In India, lynchings generally reflect tensions between numerous ethnic groups and [[caste]]s in the country. Typically, lynchings involve upper-caste members attacking lower caste members. However, recent examples include the [[Kherlanji massacre]], where low castes were lynched by other low castes. India has a large scale [[Reservation in India|affirmative action programme]] for the emancipation of the lower castes. Sociologists and social scientists reject the identification of caste with racial discrimination and attribute it to intra-racial ethno-cultural conflict.<ref>
* [[Andre Béteille]], "treating caste as a form of racism is politically mischievous and worse, scientifically nonsense since there is no discernible difference in the racial characteristics between [[Brahmins]] and [[Scheduled Castes]], [http://wcar.alrc.net/mainfile2.php/For+the+negative/14/ Race and caste] by [[Andre Beteille]]
* The perception of the caste system as a static and textual stratification has given way to the perception of the caste system as a more processual, empirical and contextual stratification.{{cite journal
|author=James Silverberg
| year = 1969
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|doi = 10.1525/as.1961.1.10.01p15082
}}
* [[Pakistan]]i-American sociologist [[Ayesha Jalal]] ; "As for [[Hinduism]], the hierarchical principles of the Brahmanical social order have always been contested from within Hindu society, suggesting that equality has been and continues to be both valued and practiced.", A. Jalal,Democracy and Authoritarianism in [[South Asia]]: A Comparative and Historical Perspective (Contemporary South Asia), Cambridge University Press (May 26, 1995), ISBN 05214786260-521-47862-6</ref>
 
== Israel, West Bank and Gaza Strip ==
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Israelis have been lynched as well. In the [[2000 Ramallah lynching]], a Palestinian mob beat to death two Israeli reservists who had entered the city.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/aidoc/ai.nsf/afec99eadc40eff880256e8f0060197c/64f59dc0b44c5fef80256aff0058b1b8/$FILE/ch3.pdf Chapter 3: Killings By Palestinians] in ''[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engMDE150832001 Broken Lives — A year of ''intifada'']'', Amnesty International, AI Index: MDE 15/083/2001, 13 November 2001. Accessed 14 September 2009.</ref><ref>Martin Asser, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm Lynch mob's brutal attack], BBC News, 13 October 2000. Accessed 14 September 2009.</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Extrajudicial punishment]]
* [[Hanging]]
* [[Hate crime]]
* [[Noose]]
* [[Posse comitatus (common law)|Posse]]
* [[Summary justice]]
* [[Vigilante]]
 
== Sources and external links ==
{{Commons category|Lynchings}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fatla%2Fatla0088%2F&tif=00732.TIF&pagenum=731 "The Real Judge Lynch" (December 1901) ''The Atlantic Monthly'']
* Quinones, Sam, [http://samquinones.com ''True Tales From Another Mexico: the Lynch Mob, the Popsicle Kings, Chalino and the Bronx''] (Univ. of New Mexico Press): recounts a lynching in a small Mexican town in 1998.
* [http://withoutsanctuary.org/ ''Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America'' by James Allen, Hilton Als, United States Rep. [[John Lewis (American politician)|John Lewis]] and historian [[Leon F. Litwack]]. (Twin Palm Publishers: 2000) ISBN 9780944092699978-0-944092-69-9. Republication of many of the photographs on Wikipedia would violate copyright.]
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=lynch&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]
* {{1911}}
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* [http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/fruitholiday.html Lyrics to "Strange Fruit"] a [[protest song]] about lynching, written by [[Abel Meeropol]] and recorded by [[Billie Holiday]]
* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-SteveLong.html The Lynching of Big Steve Long]
* Ida B. Wells, [http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/wellslynchlaw.html Lynch Law], 1893
* NAACP, Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918. New York City: Arno Press, 1919
* Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=346 Lynching in Arkansas]
* Smith, Tom. The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans "Mafia" Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob [http://www.crescentcitylynchings.com]
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{{reflist|2}}
 
== Books and articles ==
* Allen, James (editor), Hilton Als, John Lewis, and Leon F. Litwack. ''Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America'' (Twin Palms Pub: 2000) ISBN 0-944092-69-1 accompanied by an [http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/ online photographic survey of the history of lynchings in the United States]
* Bancroft, H. H., ''Popular Tribunals'' (2 vols., San Francisco, 1887)
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* Finley, Keith M. ''Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-1965'' (Baton Rouge, LSU Press, 2008).
* Ginzburg, Ralph ''100 Years Of Lynchings'', Black Classic Press (1962, 1988) softcover, ISBN 0-933121-18-0
* Ifill, Sherrilyn A., ''On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the Twenty-first Century'' Beacon Press (2007) ISBN 978-08070098710-8070-0987-1 Law professor at University of Maryland reports on the lynchings of George Armwood and Matthew Williams in coastal Maryland in the 1930s; investigates how the lynchings implicated average white citizens, some of whom actively participated in the violence, while many others witnessed the lynchings but did nothing to stop them; provides concrete ideas to help communities heal.
* Nevels, Cynthia Skove, ''Lynching to Belong: claiming Whiteness though racial violence'', Texas A&M Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-58544-589-9
* Stagg, J.C.A. "The Problem of Klan Violence: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1868-1871," Journal of American Studies 8 (December 1974): 303–18
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* Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1895 ''Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases'' [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14975 Gutenberg eBook]
* Wood, Joe, ''Ugly Water,'' St. Louis: Lulu (2006). Softcover ISBN 978-1-4116-2218-0
* [[Amy Louise Wood]], [http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2009/wood/1a.htm "They Never Witnessed Such a Melodrama"], ''Southern Spaces'', 27 April 2009. http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2009/wood/1a.htm
{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
 
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== Orin ==
[[Skeudenn:1774 lynching.jpg|thumb|Linchadenn en 1774]]
Meur a zisplegadenn zo d'ar ger: pe eus anv un den, pe eus un anv-lec'h.
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Dont a rafe ar ger eus anv [[Charles Lynch]], barner e [[Virginia]] en XVIIIvet kantved.
 
Koulskoude ez eus ivez un aotrou [[ William Lynch (lezenn Lynch)| William Lynch]] a oa barner ivez e [[Virginia]], hag a gustume ober prosezioù prim ha prim d'an dud a oa a du gant Bro-Saoz. Bodañ a rae al lez, kavout touidi, ha kadoriañ el lakidigezh d'ar marv.
 
 
== SUA ==
[[ImageSkeudenn:Lynching-of-woman-1911.jpg|left|thumb|Linchadenn [[Laura Nelson]] en [[Okemah]], [[Oklahoma]] en 1911; klasket he devoa gwareziñ he mab a voe linchet war un dro ganti.<ref>"[http://www.nps.gov/nero/greatplaces/Shaped%20by%20Site-Kathleen%20Hulser.htm Shaped by Site: Three Communities' Dialogues on the Legacies of Lynching]." ''[[National Park Service]]''. Accessed October 29, 2008.</ref>]]
 
=== Thomas Shipp hag Abram Smith ===
[[ImageSkeudenn:ThomasShippAbramSmith.jpg|thumb|right|Thomas Shipp hag Abram Smith, linchet en [[Marion, Indiana|Marion]], [[Indiana]] d'ar [[7 a viz Eost]] 1930]]
 
== Strange Fruit ==
Brudet e voe skeudennoù linchidigezh Thomas Shipp hag Abram Smith, hag ouzh o gwelout e voe savet ur varzhoneg gant [[Abel Meeropol]], ur skolaer eus New Yor, e 1937.
 
Eus ar varzhoneg e voe graet ur ganaouenn hag a voe kanet gant [[Billie Holiday]] ha brudet adalek 1939.
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:''Here is a strange and bitter crop.''
 
[[Rummad:Istor SUA]]
 
 
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