Dál Riata : diforc'h etre ar stummoù
Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
D Robot ouzhpennet: gl:Dalriada |
Xqbot (kaozeal | degasadennoù) D Robot ouzhpennet: ka:დალ-რიადა; Kemm dister |
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Linenn 1:
[[
'''Dál Riata''' (hervez an [[heniwerzhoneg]]) pe
En [[Argyll]] ne oa da gentañ nemet teir [[kenel|c'henel]]:
Linenn 9:
* [[Cenél nÓengusa]] (kenel Óengus) en [[Ìle]]
* [[Cenél nGabráin]] (kenel Gabrán) e [[Cinn Tìre]];
* ur pedervet kenel, Cenél Chonchride en
== Istor ==
War-dro dibenn ar VIIvet kantved e teuas ur genel war wel, [[Cenél Comgaill]], e reter
Alies e weler Dál Riata evel un drevadenn iwerzhonat e Bro-Skos, petra bennak ma sav un toullad hendraourien a-enep-krenn d'ar gredenn-se .<ref>Ar sellboent eneptrevadennel a zo displeget gant
En he c'hreñvañ e oa ar rouantelezh dindan [[Áedán mac Gabráin]] (a renas war-dro
<!--Serious defeats in Ireland and Scotland in the time of [[Domnall Brecc]] (d. 642) ended Dál Riata's Golden Age, and the kingdom became a client of [[Northumbria]], then subject to the [[Picts]]. There is disagreement over the fate of the kingdom from the late eighth century onwards. Some scholars have seen no revival of Dal Riata after the long period of foreign domination (after 637 to around 750 or 760), while others have seen a revival of Dal Riata under [[Áed Find]] (736-778), and later [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth MacAlpin]] (Cináed mac Ailpín, who is claimed in some sources to have taken the kingship there in c.840 following the disastrous defeat of the Pictish army by the Danes): some even claim that the kingship of [[Fortriu]] was usurped by the Dál Riata several generations before MacAlpin (800-858).<ref>Smyth, and Bannerman, ''Scottish Takeover'', present this case, arguing that Pictish kings from [[Ciniod II of the Picts|Ciniod son of Uuredech]] and [[Caustantín of the Picts|Caustantín]] onwards were descendants of [[Fergus mac Echdach]] and Feradach, son of [[Selbach mac Ferchair]]. Broun's ''Pictish Kings'' offers an alternative reconstruction, and one which has attracted considerable support, e.g. Clancy, "Iona in the kingdom of the Picts: a note", Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp
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== Tud, douar ha mor ==
Kalz kemmoù zo bet er vro a oa Dál Riata gwechall. Goullo eo ar maezioù e-skoaz neuze.
<!-- Most people today live in settlements far larger than anything known in early times, while some areas, such as [[Kilmartin Glen|Kilmartin]] and many of the islands, such as [[Islay]] and [[Tiree]] may well have had as many inhabitants as they do today. Many of the small settlements have now disappeared, so that the countryside is far emptier than was formerly the case, and many areas which were formerly farmed are now abandoned. Even the physical landscape is not entirely as it was: sea-levels have changed, and the combination of erosion and silting will have considerably altered the shape of the coast in some places, while the natural accumulation of peat and man-made changes from peat-cutting has altered inland landscapes.<ref>See McDonald, ''Kingdom of the Isles'', pp.
As was normal at the time, subsistence farming was the occupation of most people. [[Oat]]s and [[barley]] were the main cereal crops. [[Pastoralism]] was especially important, and [[transhumance]] was the practice in many places. Some areas, most notably Islay, were especially fertile, and good grazing would have been available all year round, just as it was in Ireland. Tiree was famed in later times for its oats and barley, while smaller, uninhabited islands were used to keep sheep. The area, until lately, was notable for its inshore fisheries, and for plentiful shellfish, therefore seafood is likely to have been an important part of the diet.<ref>Campbell, ''Saints and Sea-kings'', pp.
The ''[[Senchus fer n-Alban]]'' lists three main kin groups in Dál Riata in Scotland, with a fourth being added later:<ref>The Senchus is translated in Bannerman, ''Studies'', pp.
* The [[Cenél nGabráin]], in [[Kintyre]], supposedly the descendants of [[Gabrán mac Domangairt]].
Linenn 34:
* The [[Cenél Comgaill]], in [[Cowal]] and [[Isle of Bute|Bute]], a later addition, supposedly the descendants of [[Comgall mac Domangairt]].<ref>Bannerman, ''Studies'', p. 110, dates the separation of the Cenél Comgaill from the Cenél nGabráin to around 700.</ref>
The Senchus does not list any kindreds in Ireland, but does also list an apparently very minor kindred called Cenel Chonchride in Islay descended from another son of Erc, Fergus Becc. Another kindred, Cenél Báetáin of [[Morvern]] (later [[Clan Maclean]]), branched off from Cenel Laiorn about the same time Cenel Comgaill separated from its parent kindred. The Cenel Loairn may have been the largest of the "three kindreds", as the Senchus reports it being divided further into Cenel Shalaig, Cenel Cathbath, Cenel nEchdach, Cenel Murerdaig. Among the Cenél Loairn it also lists the [[Airgíalla]], although whether this should be understood as being Irish settlers or simply another tribe to whom the label was applied is unclear.<ref>Bannerman, ''Studies'', pp.
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[[
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Among the royal centres in Dál Riata, [[Dunadd]] appears to have been the most important. It has been partly excavated, and weapons, [[quernstones]] and many moulds for the manufacture of [[jewellery]] were found in addition to fortifications. Other high-status material included glassware and wine [[amphora]]e from [[Gaul]], and in larger quantities than found elsewhere in Britain and Ireland. Lesser centres included [[Dunollie Castle|Dun Ollaigh]], seat of the Cenél Loairn kings, and [[Dunaverty]], at the southern end of Kintyre, in the lands of the Cenél nGabráin.<ref>Bannerman, ''Studies'', pp.
The difficulty of overland travel and the many islands made Dál Riata an [[archipelago]], with travel by sea by far the easiest means of moving any distance. As well as long distance trade, local trade must also have been significant.<ref>See Adomnán, ''Life'', note 72, where a trading fleet of 50 ships is mentioned; see also Bannerman, ''Studies'', pp.
==Religion and art==
Linenn 47:
Columba's founding Iona within the bounds of Dál Riata ensured that the kingdom would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain, not only to Pictland, but also to Northumbria, via [[Lindisfarne]], to [[Mercia]], and beyond. Although the monastery of Iona belonged to the [[Cenél Conaill]] of the Northern Uí Néill, and not to Dál Riata, it had close ties to the Cenél nGabráin, ties which may make the annals less than entirely impartial.<ref>See, for example, Broun, "Dál Riata"; for the evidence of place-names as an indicator of Ionan influence, see Taylor, "Iona abbots".</ref>
If Iona was the greatest religious centre in Dál Riata, it was far from unique. [[Lismore, Scotland|Lismore]], in the territory of the Cenél Loairn, was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency. [[Applecross]], probably in Pictish territory for most of the period, and [[Kingarth]] on Bute are also known to have been monastic sites, and many smaller sites, such as on [[Eigg]] and Tiree, are known from the annals.<ref>Clancy, "Church institutions".</ref> In Ireland, [[Armoy]] was the main ecclesiastical centre in early times, associated with [[Saint Patrick]] and with [[Saint Olcán]], said to have been first bishop at Armoy. An important early centre, Armoy later declined, overshadowed by the monasteries at Movilla ([[Newtownards]]) and [[Bangor, County Down|Bangor]].<ref>Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', pp.
[[Image:KellsFol007vMadonnaChild.jpg|thumb|200px|Madonna and child, folio 7 v of the [[Book of Kells]].]]As well as their primary spiritual importance, the political significance of religious centres cannot be dismissed. The prestige of being associated with the saintly founder was of no small importance. Monasteries represented a source of wealth as well as prestige. Additionally, the learning and literacy found in monasteries served as useful tools for ambitious kings.<ref>Foster, ''Picts, Gaels and Scots'', pp.
The [[Book of Kells]] may have been produced at Iona, although not by Columba as legend has it. Whether it was, or not, this type of [[illuminated manuscript]] would have been produced in Dál Riatan monasteries.
For other arts, a number of sculptures remain to give an impression of Dál Riatan work. The St. Martin's Cross on Iona is the best-preserved cross of its type, probably inspired by Northumbrian free-standing crosses, such as the [[Ruthwell Cross]], although a similar cross exists in Ireland ([[Ahenny]], [[County Tipperary]]). The [[Kildalton Cross]] on Islay is similar. A sculpted slab at [[Ardchattan]] appears to show strong Pictish influences, while the [[Dupplin Cross]], it has been argued, shows that influences also moved in the opposite direction. Fine [[Hiberno-Saxon]] metalwork is believed to have been created at Dunadd.<ref>Laing & Laing, ''The Picts and the Scots'', pp
In addition to the monastic sites, a considerable number of churches are attested, not only from archaeological evidence, but also from the evidence of place-names. The element "kil", from Gaelic ''cill'', can be shown in many cases to be associated with early churches, such as at Kilmartin by Dunadd.<ref>Markus, "Religious life".</ref>
Linenn 60:
===Origins===
[[Image:Scotland Dunadd 1.jpg|thumb|Footprint used in king-making ceremonies, Dunadd]]
The [[Duan Albanach]] tells that the three sons of
The version of history in the Duan Albanach was long accepted, although it is preceded by the purely legendary tale of Albanus and [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus]] conquering Britain. The implantation of the [[Old Irish language]] in Scotland was seen as a product of a large-scale migration from Ulster.<ref> See Mackie, ''A History of Scotland'', pp.
For this reason, it is now widely, but not universally, supposed that the Gaelic language had long been present in the area of Dál Riata, perhaps since the [[Insular Celtic languages]] had divided into Goidelic and [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] branches.<ref>Or, if a non-Insular hypothesis is preferred, since Goidelic languages had spread to Ireland.</ref> However Dál Riata came to form, the period in which it arose was one of great instability in Ulster, following the loss of territory by the kingdom of [[Ulaid]], including the ancient centre of Emain Macha, to the [[Airgíalla]] and the [[Uí Néill]]. Whether the two parts of Dál Riata had long been united, or whether a conquest in the 4th century or early 5th century, either of Antrim from Argyll, or vice versa, in line with myth, is not known.<ref>Sharpe, "The thriving of Dalriada", pp.
===Druim Cett to Mag Rath===
[[Image:Dalriada.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Map of Dál Riata at its height, c. 580–600. [[Picts|Pictish]] regions are marked in yellow.]]
The history of Dál Riata, while unknown before the middle of the 6th century, and very unclear after the middle of the 8th century, is relatively well recorded in the intervening two centuries, although many questions remain unanswered. As has been said, the origins of the link between Dál Riata in Scotland and Ireland are obscure. What is not in doubt is that Irish Dál Riata was a lesser kingdom of [[Ulaid]]. The Kingship of Ulster was dominated by the [[Dál Fiatach]] and contested by the ''[[Cruithne (people)|Cruithne]]'' kings of the [[Dál nAraidi]].<ref>For Kings of Ulster see Byrne, ''Irish Kings and High-Kings'', pp.
In 575, [[Columba]] fostered an agreement between Áedán mac Gabráin and [[Áed mac Ainmuirech]] of the [[Cenél Conaill]] at Druim Cett. This alliance was likely precipitated by the conquests of the Dál Fiatach king [[Báetán mac Cairill]], one of the very few High Kings of Ireland not of the [[Connachta]] or the Uí Néill, who had sought to subjugate all of Dál Riata, and the [[Isle of Man]] as well. Báetán died in 581, but the Ulaid kings did not abandon their attempts to control Dál Riata.
Linenn 74:
The kingdom of Dál Riata reached its greatest extent in the reign of Áedán mac Gabráin. It is said that Áedán was consecrated as king by Columba.<ref>Adomnán, ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/columba-e.html Life of St Columba]'', Book III, Chapter 6.</ref> If true, this was one of the first such consecrations known. As noted, Columba brokered the alliance between Dál Riata and the Northern Uí Néill. This pact was successful, first in defeating Báetan mac Cairill, then in allowing Áedán to campaign widely against his neighbours, as far afield as [[Orkney]] and lands of the [[Maeatae]], on the [[River Forth]]. Áedán appears to have been very successful in extending his power, until he faced the [[Bernicia]]n king [[Æthelfrith of Northumbria|Æthelfrith]] at [[Battle of Degsastan|Degsastan]] c. 603. Æthelfrith's brother was among the dead, but Áedán was defeated, and the Bernician kings continued their advances in southern Scotland. Áedán died c. 608 aged about 70. Dál Riata did expand to include [[Skye]], possibly conquered by Áedán's son Gartnait.
It appears, although the original tales are lost, that [[Fiachnae mac Báetáin]] (d. 626), Dál nAraidi King of Ulster, was overlord of both parts of Dál Riata. Fiachnae campaigned against the Northumbrians, and besieged [[Bamburgh]], and the Dál Riatans will have fought in this campaign.<ref>For Báetan and Fiachnae see Byrne, ''Irish Kings and High-Kings'', pp.
Dál Riata remained allied with the Northern Uí Néill until the reign of Domnall Brecc, who reversed this policy and allied with [[Congal Cáech]] (also known as Congal Cláen) of the Dál nAraidi. Domnall joined Congal in a campaign against [[Domnall mac Áedo]] of the Cenél Conaill, the son of Áed mac Ainmuirech.<ref>See Byrne, ''Irish Kings and High-Kings'', pp.
===Mag Rath to the Pictish Conquest===
The history of Dál Riata in Ireland after Mag Rath is not entirely clear. It appears that the Uí Chóelbad kings of Dál nAraidi came to control the Glens of Antrim in the years after the battle. The Dál Riatan lands along the River Bush appear to have fallen into the hands of the [[Cenél nEógain]], and the Airgíalla may have benefitted by taking over lands to the south of the Antrim Mountains.<ref>Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', pp.
The fate of Scottish Dál Riata is no more certain. It does appear that the kingdom was tributary to Northumbrian kings until the [[Picts|Pictish]] king [[Bridei III of the Picts|Bruide mac Bili]] defeated [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria]] at [[Battle of Dunnichen|Dunnichen]] in 685. It is not certain that this subjection ended in 685, although this is usually assumed to be the case.<ref>Adomnán, ''Life of St Columba'', notes 360, 362; Broun, "Dál Riata"; Smyth, ''Warlords and Holy Men'', pp.
Since it has been thought that Dál Riata swallowed Pictland to create the [[Kingdom of Alba]], the later history of Dál Riata has tended to be seen as a prelude to future triumphs.<ref>The titles alone of John Bannerman's "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" and Richard Sharpe's "The thriving of Dalriada" tell their own story.</ref> The annals make it clear that the Cenél Gabraín lost any earlier monopoly of royal power in the late 7th century and in the 8th, when Cenél Loairn kings such as [[Ferchar Fota]], his son [[Selbach mac Ferchair|Selbach]], and grandsons [[Dúngal mac Selbaig|Dúngal]] and [[Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig|Muiredach]] are found contesting for the kingship of Dál Riata. The long period of instability in Dál Riata was only ended by the conquest of the kingdom by Óengus mac Fergusa, king of the Picts, in the 730s. After a third campaign by Óengus in 741, Dál Riata then disappears from the Irish records for a generation.
===The last century===
[[Áed Find]] may appear in 768, fighting against the Pictish king of [[Fortriu]].<ref>Annals of Ulster, s.a. 768: "A battle in Foirtriu between Aed and Cinaed." It is assumed that Áed Find is the "Aedh" in question, but cf. the Annals of the Four Masters, s.a.
It is unlikely that Dál Riata was ruled directly by Pictish kings, but it is argued that [[Domnall mac Caustantín|Domnall]], son of [[Caustantín of the Picts|Caustantín mac Fergusa]], was king of Dál Riata from 811 to 835. He was apparently followed by the last named king of Dál Riata [[Áed mac Boanta]], who was killed in the great Pictish defeat of 839 at the hands of the [[Vikings]].<ref>Broun, "Pictish Kings", passim; Clancy, "Caustantín son of Fergus (Uurguist)."</ref>
===From Dál Riata to the Innse Gall===
If the Vikings had a great impact on Pictland and in Ireland, in Dál Riata, as in Northumbria, they appear to have entirely replaced the existing kingdom with a new entity. In the case of Dál Riata this was to be as the [[Sudreys|kingdom of the Sudreys]], traditionally founded by [[Ketil Flatnose]] (''Caitill Find'' in Gaelic) in the middle of the 9th century. The [[Francia|Frankish]] ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' may record the conquest of the [[Inner Hebrides]], the seaward part of Dál Riata, by Vikings in 849.<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp.
[[Alex Woolf]] has suggested that there occurred a formal division of Dál Riata between the [[Norse-Gaels|Norse-Gaelic]] [[Uí Ímair]] and the natives, like those divisions that took place elsewhere in the British Isles, with the Norse controlling most of the islands, and the Gaels controlling the Scottish coast and the more southerly islands. In turn Woolf suggests that this gave rise to the terms ''Airer Gaedel'' and ''Innse Gall'', respectively "the coast of the Gaels" and the "Islands of the foreigners".<ref>Alex Woolf, "Age of Sea-Kings", pp.
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== Pennadoù kar ==
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
* [[Listenn rouaned Dál Riata]]
* [[Duan Albanach]]
* [[Senchus fer n-Alban]]
* [[Prehistoric Scotland]]
* [[Early history of Ireland]]{{col-2}}
* [[Scotland in the Early Middle Ages]]
* [[Early Christian Ireland]]
* [[Origins of the Kingdom of Alba]]
* [[Scotland in the High Middle Ages]]
* [[Early Medieval Ireland 800-1166]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
{{col-end}}
== Notennoù ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Lennadurezh ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Adomnán, ''Life of St Columba'', tr. & ed. Richard Sharpe. Penguin, London, 1995. ISBN 0-14-044462-9
* [[Alan Orr Anderson|Anderson, Alan Orr]], ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D.
* Bannerman, John, ''Studies in the History of Dalriada.'' Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1974. ISBN 0-7011-2040-1
* Bannerman, John, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland.'' T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-567-08682-2
* [[Dauvit Broun|Broun, Dauvit]], "Aedán mac Gabráin" in Michael Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.'' Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
* Broun, Dauvit, "Dál Riata" in Lynch (2001).
* Broun, Dauvit, "Pictish Kings
* Byrne, Francis John, ''Irish Kings and High-Kings.'' Batsford, London, 1973. ISBN 0-7134-5882-8
* Campbell, Ewan, ''Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots.'' Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-82641-874-7
Linenn 127:
* [[Thomas Owen Clancy|Clancy, Thomas Owen]], "Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
* Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Church institutions: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
* Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Iona in the kingdom of the Picts: a note" in ''The Innes Review'', volume 55, number 1, 2004, pp.
* Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Ireland: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
* Cowan, E.J., "Economy: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
Linenn 135:
* Laing, Lloyd & Jenny Lloyd, ''The Picts and the Scots.'' Sutton, Stroud, 2001. ISBN 0-7509-2873-5
* [[J. D. Mackie|Mackie, J.D.]], ''A History of Scotland.'' London: Penguin, 1991. ISBN 0-14-013649-5
* McDonald, R. Andrew, ''The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c.
* Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Iona: monks, pastors and missionaries" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
* Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Religious life: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Linenn 141:
* Mac Néill, Eoin, ''Celtic Ireland.'' Dublin, 1921. Reprinted Academy Press, Dublin, 1981. ISBN 0906187427
* Nicolaisen, W.H.F., ''Scottish Place-names.'' B.T. Batsford, London, 1976. Reprinted, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2001. ISBN 0-85976-556-3
* Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century" in ''Peritia'' 12 (1998), pp.
* Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, ''Early Medieval Ireland:
* [[Richard Oram|Oram, Richard]], "Rural society: medieval" in Lynch (2001).
* Owen, Olwyn, ''The Sea Road: A Viking Voyage through Scotland.'' Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-86241-873-9
* [[N. A. M. Rodger|Rodger, N.A.M.]], ''The Safeguard of the Sea. A Naval History of Great Britain, volume one
* Ross, David, ''Scottish Place-names.'' Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2001. ISBN 1-84158-173-9
* Sellar, W.D.H., "Gaelic laws and institutions" in Lynch (2001).
* Sharpe, Richard, "The thriving of Dalriada" in Simon Taylor (ed.), ''Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland
* Smyth, Alfred P., ''Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD
* Taylor, Simon, "Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
* Taylor, Simon, "Place names" in Lynch (2001).
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{{refend|2}}
== Liammoù diavaez ==
* [http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts] at [http://www.ucc.ie/ University College Cork]
** The '''Corpus of Electronic Texts''' includes the ''Annals of Ulster'', ''Tigernach'', ''the Four Masters'' and ''Innisfallen'', the ''Chronicon Scotorum'', the ''Lebor Bretnach'', Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
* [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 ''Annals of Clonmacnoise''] at [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cdl/index.html Cornell]
* [http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/scothist/booklets/sh1/documents-alba.html ''The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'']
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.pdf Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' and its Continuation (pdf)], at [http://www.ccel.org CCEL], translated by A.M. Sellar.
* [http://www.gla.ac.uk/archaeology/resources/dunadd/dunaddarchive.html Digital archive] of excavations associated with Lane & Campbell, ''Dunadd: An early Dalriadic capital'' at [http://www.gla.ac.uk/archaeology/ Glasgow University Dept. of Archaeology]
* [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/psas/ Proceedings] of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] (PSAS) through 1999 (pdf).
* [http://www.visitrannoch.com/kintyre-history.htm A history of Kintyre]
[[Rummad:Istor Bro-Skos]]
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[[it:Dalriada]]
[[ja:ダルリアダ王国]]
[[ka:დალ-რიადა]]
[[nds:Dalriada]]
[[nl:Dalriada]]
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