Niqqud : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
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{{LabourAChom}}
 
In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[orthography]], '''Niqqud''' or '''Nikkud''' ([[Standard Hebrew]] '''נִקּוּד''', [[Biblical Hebrew]] '''נְקֻדּוֹת''', [[Tiberian Hebrew]] {{Unicode|'''Nəquddôṯ'''}} "vowels") is the system of [[diacritics|diacritical]] '''vowel points''' (or '''vowel marks''') in the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. Several orthographic systems for representing Hebrew vowels were developed in the early middle ages. The most widespread system (and the only one still used to a significant degree today) was created by the [[Masoretes]] of Tiberias (see [[Masoretic Text]], [[Tiberian Hebrew]]).
 
Niqqud marks are small compared to the consonants they are positioned adjacent to, and thus can be added, without requiring the retranscription of texts whose writers did not anticipate their eventual addition.
Linenn 16:
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|<big><big>&#1489;&#1456;</big></big>
|'''&#1513;&#1473;&#1456;&#1493;&#1464;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#X161;&#601;wâ'''}}. Transliterated '''&#601;''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/&#601;/}}), or not at all (silent).
|'''&#1513;&#1473;&#1456;&#1493;&#1493;&#1464;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#X161;&#601;va'''}}, more commonly '''shva'''. Officially transliterated '''&#601;''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/&#601;/}}) or not at all (silent), but more commonly transliterated '''e''', or clipped as an apostrophe ''' ' ''' or not written at all. See also [[schwa]].
|-
|<big><big>&#1495;&#1457;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1462;&#1507; &#1505;&#1456;&#1490;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;&#259;&#7789;ep&#772; s&#601;&#7713;ôl'''}}. Transliterated '''&#277;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#603;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1463;&#1507; &#1505;&#1462;&#1490;&#1468;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;ataf seggol'''}}, more commonly '''chataf segol''', also '''reduced seghol'''. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/e/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1495;&#1458;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1462;&#1507; &#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;&#259;&#7789;ep&#772; pá&#7791;a&#7717;'''}}. Transliterated '''&#259;''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1463;&#1507; &#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;ataf páta&#7717;'''}}, more commonly '''chataf pátach''', also '''reduced pathach'''. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1495;&#1459;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1462;&#1507; &#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1462;&#1509;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;&#259;&#7789;ep&#772; q&#257;me&#7779;'''}}. Transliterated '''&#335;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#596;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1458;&#1496;&#1463;&#1507; &#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1464;&#1509;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;ataf qama&#7827;'''}}, more commonly '''chataf kamatz''', also '''reduced qamets'''. Transliterated '''o''' (IPA {{IPA|/o/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1460;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1460;&#1497;&#1512;&#1462;&#1511;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;îreq'''}}. Transliterated '''i''' (IPA {{IPA|/i/}}) or '''í''' (IPA {{IPA|/i&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1460;&#1497;&#1512;&#1460;&#1497;&#1511;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;iriq'''}}, more commonly '''chirik'''. Transliterated '''i''' (IPA {{IPA|/i/}}). Usually promoted to '''&#7717;iriq male''' in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1460;&#1497;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1460;&#1497;&#1512;&#1462;&#1511; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;îreq m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''î''' (IPA {{IPA|/i&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1460;&#1497;&#1512;&#1460;&#1497;&#1511; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;iriq male'''}}, more commonly '''chirik malei'''. also '''hiriq yod'''. Transliterated '''i''' (IPA {{IPA|/i/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1461;</big></big>
|'''&#1510;&#1461;&#1512;&#1461;&#1497;''' {{unicode|'''&#7779;&#275;rê'''}}. Transliterated '''&#275;''' (IPA {{IPA|/e&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1510;&#1461;&#1497;&#1512;&#1461;&#1497;''' {{unicode|'''&#7827;ere'''}}, more commonly '''tzeirei'''. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/e/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1461;&#1497;, &#1489;&#1461;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1461;&#1488;</big></big>
|'''&#1510;&#1461;&#1512;&#1461;&#1497; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7779;&#275;rê m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''ê''' (IPA {{IPA|/e&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1510;&#1461;&#1497;&#1512;&#1461;&#1497; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7827;ere male'''}}, more commonly '''tzeirei malei''', also '''tsere yod'''. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/e/}}), but more commonly '''ei''' (IPA {{IPA|/ei/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1462;</big></big>
|'''&#1505;&#1456;&#1490;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''s&#601;&#7713;ôl'''}}. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#603;/}}) or '''é''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#603;&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1505;&#1462;&#1490;&#1468;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''seggol'''}}, more commonly '''segol'''. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/e/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1462;&#1497;, &#1489;&#1462;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1462;&#1488;</big></big>
|'''&#1505;&#1456;&#1490;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''s&#601;&#7713;ôl m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''&#7879;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#603;&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1505;&#1462;&#1490;&#1468;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''seggol male'''}}, more commonly '''segol malei''', also '''seghol yod'''. Transliterated '''e''' (IPA {{IPA|/e/}}), but with '''&#1497;''' it is more commonly '''ei''' (IPA {{IPA|/ei/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1463;</big></big>
|'''&#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495;''' {{unicode|'''pá&#7791;a&#7717;'''}}. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}) or '''á''' (IPA {{IPA|/a&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495;''' {{unicode|'''páta&#7717;'''}}, more commonly '''pátach'''. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1463;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1463;&#1488;</big></big>
|'''&#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''pá&#7791;a&#7717; m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''&#7853;''' (IPA {{IPA|/a&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1508;&#1468;&#1463;&#1514;&#1463;&#1495; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''páta&#7717; male'''}}, more commonly '''pátach malei'''. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1464;</big></big>
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1462;&#1509; &#1490;&#1468;&#1464;&#1491;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''q&#257;me&#7779; g&#257;&#7695;ôl'''}}. Transliterated '''&#257;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#596;&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1463;&#1509; &#1490;&#1468;&#1464;&#1491;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;''' {{unicode|'''qama&#7827; gadol'''}}, more commonly '''kamatz gadol''', sometimes simply called '''qamets'''. May also be marked with a short vertical line (called metheg) to the left of the qamets, to distinguish it from the qamets qatan. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1464;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1464;&#1488;</big></big>
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1463;&#1509; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''q&#257;me&#7779; m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''â''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#596;&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1462;&#1509; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''qama&#7827; male'''}}, more commonly '''kamatz malei''', also '''qamets he'''. Transliterated '''a''' (IPA {{IPA|/a/}}).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1464;</big></big>
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1463;&#1509; &#1511;&#1464;&#1496;&#1464;&#1503;''' {{unicode|'''q&#257;me&#7779; q&#257;&#7789;&#257;n'''}}. Transliterated '''o''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#596;/}}).
|'''&#1511;&#1464;&#1502;&#1462;&#1509; &#1511;&#1464;&#1496;&#1464;&#1503;''' {{unicode|'''qama&#7827; qatan'''}}, more commonly '''kamatz katan''', also '''qamets hatuf''' (not, however, to be confused with hatef qamets). Transliterated '''o''' (IPA {{IPA|/o/}}). Usually promoted to '''&#7717;olam male''' in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1465;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1465;&#1500;&#1462;&#1501;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;&#333;lem'''}}. Transliterated '''&#333;''' (IPA {{IPA|/o&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;&#1464;&#1501;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;olam'''}}, more commonly '''cholam'''. Transliterated '''o''' (IPA {{IPA|/o/}}). Usually promoted to '''&#7717;olam male''' in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. The holem is written above the consonant on the left corner, or slightly to the left of (i.e., after) it at the top.
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1493;&#1465;, &#1489;&#1465;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1465;&#1488;</big></big>
|'''&#1495;&#1465;&#1500;&#1462;&#1501; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;&#333;lem m&#257;lê'''}}. Transliterated '''ô''' (IPA {{IPA|/o&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1495;&#1493;&#1465;&#1500;&#1463;&#1501; &#1502;&#1464;&#1500;&#1461;&#1488;''' {{unicode|'''&#7717;olam male'''}}, more commonly '''cholam malei'''. Transliterated '''o''' (IPA {{IPA|/o/}}). The holem is written in the normal position relative to the main consonant (above and slightly to the left), which places it directly over the waw/vav.
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1467;</big></big>
|'''&#1511;&#1460;&#1489;&#1468;&#1493;&#1468;&#1509;''' {{unicode|'''qibbû&#7779;'''}}. Transliterated '''u''' (IPA {{IPA|/u/}}) or '''ú''' (IPA {{IPA|/u&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1511;&#1493;&#1468;&#1489;&#1468;&#1493;&#1468;&#1509;''' {{unicode|'''qubbu&#7827;'''}}, more commonly '''kubutz'''. Transliterated '''u''' (IPA {{IPA|/u/}}). Usually promoted to '''&#X161;uruq''' in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1493;&#1468;</big></big>
|'''&#1513;&#1473;&#1493;&#1468;&#1512;&#1462;&#1511;''' {{unicode|'''&#X161;ûreq'''}}. Transliterated '''û''' (IPA {{IPA|/u&#720;/}}).
|'''&#1513;&#1473;&#1493;&#1468;&#1512;&#1493;&#1468;&#1511;''' {{unicode|'''&#X161;uruq'''}}, more commonly '''shuruk'''. Transliterated '''u''' (IPA {{IPA|/u/}}). The shureq is written after the main consonant, because it is essentially a waw/vav with a piercing; the piercing is written identically to a dagesh (see below).
|-
|<big><big>&#1489;&#1468;</big></big>
|'''&#1491;&#1468;&#1464;&#1490;&#1461;&#1513;&#1473;''' {{unicode|'''d&#257;&#7713;&#275;&#X161;'''}}. Not technically a vowel. It hardens or doubles the consonant it modifies. The resulting form can still take a niqqud vowel.
|'''&#1491;&#1468;&#1464;&#1490;&#1461;&#1513;&#1473;''' {{unicode|'''dage&#X161;'''}}, more commonly '''dagesh'''. Though Standard Hebrew indicates doubled consonants in transliteration, it (but not consonant hardening) is almost universally ignored in Israeli Hebrew. For most consonants the dagesh is written within the consonant, near the middle if possible, but the exact position varies from letter to letter; some letters do not have an open area in the middle, and in these cases it is written usually beside the letter, as with yod. The [[guttural]] [[Stop consonant|stops]] do not take a dagesh per se, although they may appear with '''mappiq''' (which is written the same way as dagesh) occasionally.
|-
|<big><big>&#1513;&#1473;</big></big>
|'''&#X160;in dot'''. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the '''&#1513;''' it modifies is to be transliterated '''&#X161;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#643;/}}).
|'''Shin dot'''. It indicates that the '''&#1513;''' it modifies is to be transliterated '''&#X161;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#643;/}}), though more commonly transliterated '''sh'''. The dot for shin is written over the right (first) branch of the letter.
|-
|<big><big>&#1513;&#1474;</big></big>
|'''&#346;in dot'''. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the '''&#1513;''' it modifies is to be transliterated '''&#347;''' (IPA {{IPA|/&#620;/}}).
|'''Sin dot'''. It indicates that the '''&#1513;''' it modifies is to be transliterated '''s''' (IPA {{IPA|/s/}}). The dot for sin is written over the left (third) branch of the letter.
|}