Skritur burmek : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Endalc’h diverket Danvez ouzhpennet
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
lañs
 
Neal (kaozeal | degasadennoù)
Diverradenn ebet eus ar c'hemm
Linenn 1:
{{Peurunvan}}
 
{{LabourAChom}}
 
The '''Bengali script''' is an [[Abugida]] system of writing belonging to the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts whose use is associated with the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Manipuri]] and [[Sylheti]] languages. While it is very similar to [[Devanagari]], it is less blocky and presents a more sinuous shaping, and is derived from a precursor of that script called [[Nagari]]. The modern script was formalized in [[1778]] when it was first typeset by Charles Wilkins. There are some minor differences between the version of the script used for Assamese and that used for the other languages: rô (Bengali র; Assamese ৰ) and vô (Bengali not available; Assamese ৱ).
 
The script was originally not associated with any particular language, but was prevalent as the script of choice in east India. Among the various different regional variations within this script, only the Assamese and Bengali variations exist today in the formalized system. The script was used to write [[Sanskrit]] for centuries, especially when dealing with [[Hindu]] scripture such as the [[Mahabharata]] or [[Ramayana]]. It is still occasionally used to write Sanskrit today. [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] used it in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Kamrupi of that time now some scholars referred to as [[Brajavali]], used by [[Bhakti]] poets. It was also used by the later [[Ahom]] kings to write the [[Buranji]]s, the Ahom chronicles, in the Assamese language. Needless to say, there is a rich legacy of Indian literature written in this script.
 
Clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular characters; thus, learning to read the script is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of characters and character combinations, numbering about 500. While efforts at standardizing the script for the Bengali language continue in such notable centers as the Bangla Academies (unaffiliated) at [[Dhaka]] ([[Bangladesh]]) and [[Kolkata]] ([[West Bengal]], [[India]]), it is still not quite uniform as yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds.
 
It seems likely that the [[standardization]] of the script will be greatly influenced by the need to typeset it on computers. The large alphabet can be represented, with a great deal of ingenuity, within the [[ASCII]] character set, omitting certain irregular conjuncts. Work has been underway since around 2001 to develop [[Unicode]] [[fonts]], and it seems likely that it will split into two variants, traditional and modern.
 
== Bengali symbols ==
 
===Vowels===
 
The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven main vowel sounds of Bengali, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these are used in both [[Bangla]] and [[Assamese]], the two main languages using the script. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the Bengali script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short [i] and a long [iː], and a short [u] and a long [uː]. These letters are preserved in the Bengali script with their traditional names of ''hrôshsho i'' (lit. 'short i') and ''dirgho i'' (lit. 'long i'), etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.
 
Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by ক, kô). When no vowel is written, the vowel 'অ' (ô or o) is often assumed. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a ''hôshonto'' (্) may be written underneath the consonant.
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|+ '''Bangla vowels'''
|-
! Letter !! Vowel sign with [kɔ] (ক) !! Transliteration !! IPA
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | অ || style="font-size:14pt;" | ক <font size=2>(none)
| kô and ko || align=center | {{IPA|kɔ and ko}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | আ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কা
| ka || align=center | {{IPA|ka}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ই || style="font-size:14pt;" | কি
| ki || align=center | {{IPA|ki}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঈ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কী
| ki || align=center | {{IPA|ki}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | উ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কু
| ku || align=center | {{IPA|ku}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঊ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কূ
| ku || align=center | {{IPA|ku}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঋ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৃ
| kri || align=center | {{IPA|kri}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | এ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কে
| kê and ke || align=center | {{IPA|kæ and ke}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঐ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৈ
| koi || align=center | {{IPA|koj}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ও || style="font-size:14pt;" | কো
| ko || align=center | {{IPA|ko}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঔ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৌ
| kou || align=center | {{IPA|kow}}
|-
|}
 
===Modifiers===
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|+ '''Other modifier symbols'''
|-
! Symbol with [kɔ] (ক) !! Name !! Function !! Transliteration !! IPA
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ক্
| hôshonto || Suppresses the inherent vowel || - || {{IPA|[k]}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | কত্‍
| khônđo tô || Final unaspirated dental [t] (ত) || t || {{IPA|[kɔt]}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | কং
| ônushshôr || Final velar nasal || ņ || {{IPA|[kɔŋ]}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | কঃ
| bishôrgo || Adds voiceless breath after vowel || : || {{IPA|[kɔh]}} / {{IPA|[kɔ]}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | কঁ
| chôndrobindu || Nasalises vowel || ñ || {{IPA|[kɲ]}}
|-
|}
 
===Consonants===
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|+ '''Bangla consonants'''
|-
! Letter !! Name of Letter !! Transliteration !! IPA
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ক || kô || k || align=center | {{IPA|k}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | খ || khô || kh || align=center | {{IPA|k<sup>h</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | গ || gô || g || align=center | {{IPA|g}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঘ || ghô || gh || align=center | {{IPA| g<sup>&#614;</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঙ || uņô || ņ || align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | চ || chô || c || align=center | {{IPA|t&#643;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ছ || chhô || ch || align=center | {{IPA| t&#643;<sup>h</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | জ || borgio jô <br> (burgijjô) || j || align=center | {{IPA|d&#658;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঝ || jhô || jh || align=center | {{IPA|d&#658;<sup>&#614;</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঞ || iñô || ñ || align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ট || ţô || ţ || align=center | {{IPA|&#648;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঠ || ţhô || ţh || align=center | {{IPA|&#648;<sup>h</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ড || đô || đ || align=center | {{IPA|&#598;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ || đhô || đh || align=center | {{IPA|&#598;<sup>&#614;</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ণ || murdhonno ňô <br> (moddhennô) || &#7751; || align=center | {{IPA|&#627;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ত || tô || t || align=center | {{IPA| t&#810;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | থ || thô || th || align=center | {{IPA| t&#810;<sup>h</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | দ || dô || d || align=center | {{IPA|d&#810;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ধ || dhô || dh || align=center | {{IPA|d&#810;<sup>&#614;</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ন || donto nô <br> (dontennô) || n || align=center | {{IPA|n&#810;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | প || pô || p || align=center | {{IPA|p}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ফ || phô || ph || align=center | {{IPA|p<sup>h</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ব || bô || b || align=center | {{IPA|b}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ভ || bhô || bh || align=center | {{IPA|b<sup>&#614;</sup>}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ম || mô || m || align=center | {{IPA|m}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | য || ôntostho ĵô <br> (ontosteĵô) || ĵ || align=center | {{IPA|d&#658;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | র || bôe shunno rô || r || align=center | {{IPA| &#638;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ৰ || rô || r || align=center | {{IPA| &#638;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ল || lô || l || align=center | {{IPA| l}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ৱ || vô || v || align=center | {{IPA|v}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | শ || talobbo shô <br> (taleboshshô) || ş/sh || align=center | {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ষ || murdhonno shô || ş/sh || align=center | {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | স || donto shô <br> (donteshshô) || ş/sh and s || align=center | {{IPA|ʃ}}/{{IPA|s}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | হ || hô || h || align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | য় || ôntostho ô <br> (ontosteô) || y || align=center | -
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ড় || đôe shunno ŗô || ɽ || align=center | {{IPA|&#637;}}
|-
| style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ় || đhôe shunno ŗô || ɽh || align=center | {{IPA|&#637;}}
|-
|}
 
===Digits===
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
|+ '''Bangla digits'''
|- style="font-size:14pt;"
| Arabic numerals || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Bangla numerals || ০ || ১ || ২ || ৩ || ৪ || ৫ || ৬ || ৭ || ৮ || ৯
|-
| rowspan="2" | Bangla names || shunno || æk || dui || tin || char || pañch || chhôy || shat || aţ || nôy
|-
| শুন্য || এক || দুই || তিন || চার || পাঁচ || ছয় || সাত || আট || নয়
|-
| Assamese names || xunno || ek || dui || tini || sari || pas || say || xat || ath || nô
|}
 
== Bengali in Unicode ==
 
The [[Unicode]] range for Bengali is U+0980 ... U+09FF.
 
{|
|- align="center"
|&nbsp;||&nbsp;||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|- align="center"
|980||&nbsp;||&#2432;||&#2433;||&#2434;||&#2435;||&#2436;||&#2437;||&#2438;||&#2439;||&#2440;||&#2441;||&#2442;||&#2443;||&#2444;||&#2445;||&#2446;||&#2447;
|- align="center"
|990||&nbsp;||&#2448;||&#2449;||&#2450;||&#2451;||&#2452;||&#2453;||&#2454;||&#2455;||&#2456;||&#2457;||&#2458;||&#2459;||&#2460;||&#2461;||&#2462;||&#2463;
|- align="center"
|9A0||&nbsp;||&#2464;||&#2465;||&#2466;||&#2467;||&#2468;||&#2469;||&#2470;||&#2471;||&#2472;||&#2473;||&#2474;||&#2475;||&#2476;||&#2477;||&#2478;||&#2479;
|- align="center"
|9B0||&nbsp;||&#2480;||&#2481;||&#2482;||&#2483;||&#2484;||&#2485;||&#2486;||&#2487;||&#2488;||&#2489;||&#2490;||&#2491;||&#2492;||&#2493;||&#2494;||&#2495;
|- align="center"
|9C0||&nbsp;||&#2496;||&#2497;||&#2498;||&#2499;||&#2500;||&#2501;||&#2502;||&#2503;||&#2504;||&#2505;||&#2506;||&#2507;||&#2508;||&#2509;||&#2510;||&#2511;
|- align="center"
|9D0||&nbsp;||&#2512;||&#2513;||&#2514;||&#2515;||&#2516;||&#2517;||&#2518;||&#2519;||&#2520;||&#2521;||&#2522;||&#2523;||&#2524;||&#2525;||&#2526;||&#2527;
|- align="center"
|9E0||&nbsp;||&#2528;||&#2529;||&#2530;||&#2531;||&#2532;||&#2533;||&#2534;||&#2535;||&#2536;||&#2537;||&#2538;||&#2539;||&#2540;||&#2541;||&#2542;||&#2543;
|- align="center"
|9F0||&nbsp;||&#2544;||&#2545;||&#2546;||&#2547;||&#2548;||&#2549;||&#2550;||&#2551;||&#2552;||&#2553;||&#2554;||&#2555;||&#2556;||&#2557;||&#2558;||&#2559;
|}
 
* [http://www.nongnu.org/freebangfont/ Free Bangla Unicode Fonts]
* [http://www.omicronlab.com/avrokeyboard/ Bangla Keyboard]
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/openbangsee/ Open source Bangla Transliteration Library]
* [http://www.ekushey.org/projects/shadhinota Free Bangla Unicode Interface]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm Bengali alphabet]
 
== Sample Text ==
 
The following is a sample text of script. The selection is a [[Bengali]] song, highly [[Sanskrit]]ized and later adopted as the [[national anthem]] of [[India]]. It was written by a man who is acknowledged as the single most important and defining figure of Bengali literature, the [[Nobel Laureate]] and philosopher-saint poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (Thakur in Bengali).
 
Bengali Text of [[Jana Gana Mana]]:
 
<blockquote>
&#2460;&#2472;&#2455;&#2467;&#2478;&#2472;-&#2437;&#2495;&#2471;&#2472;&#2494;&#2527;&#2453; &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503;&#2476; &#2477;&#2494;&#2480;&#2468; &#2477;&#2494;&#2455;&#2479; &#2495;&#2476;&#2471;&#2494;&#2468;&#2494;!<br>
&#2474;&#2462;&#2509;&#2460;&#2494;&#2476; &#2495;&#2488;&#2472;&#2509;&#2471;&#2497; &#2455;&#2497;&#2460;&#2480;&#2494;&#2463; &#2478;&#2480;&#2494;&#2464;&#2494; &#2470;&#2509;&#2480;&#2494;&#2476;&#2495;&#2524; &#2441;&#2468;&#2509;&#8205;&#8204;&#2453;&#2482; &#2476;&#2457;&#2509;&#2455;<br>
&#2476;&#2495;&#2472;&#2509;&#2471;&#2509;&#2479; &#2489;&#2495;&#2478;&#2494;&#2458;&#2482; &#2479;&#2478;&#2497;&#2472;&#2494; &#2455;&#2457;&#2509;&#2455;&#2494; &#2441;&#2458;&#2509;&#2459;&#2482;&#2460;&#2482;&#2471;&#2495;&#2468;&#2480;&#2457;&#2509;&#2455;<br>
&#2468;&#2476; &#2486;&#2497;&#2477; &#2472;&#2494;&#2478;&#2503; &#2460;&#2494;&#2455;&#2503;, &#2468;&#2476; &#2486;&#2497;&#2477; &#2438;&#2486;&#2495;&#2488; &#2478;&#2494;&#2455;&#2503;,<br>
&#2455;&#2494;&#2489;&#2503; &#2468;&#2476; &#2460;&#2527;&#2455;&#2494;&#2469;&#2494;&#2404;<br>
&#2460;&#2472;&#2455;&#2467;&#2478;&#2457;&#2509;&#2455;&#2482;&#2470;&#2494;&#2527;&#2453; &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503; &#2477;&#2494;&#2480;&#2468;&#2477;&#2494;&#2455;&#2509;&#2479;&#2476;&#2495;&#2471;&#2494;&#2468;&#2494;!<br>
&#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503;, &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503;, &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503;, &#2460;&#2527; &#2460;&#2527; &#2460;&#2527;, &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503;&#2405;<br>
</blockquote>
 
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
 
&#2460;&#2472;&#2455;&#2467;&#2478;&#2472;-&#2437;&#2471;&#2495;&#2472;&#2494;&#2527;&#2453; &#2460;&#2527; &#2489;&#2503; &#2477;&#2494;&#2480;&#2468;&#2477;&#2494;&#2455;&#2509;&#2479;&#2476;&#2495;&#2471;&#2494;&#2468;&#2494;!
 
==External Links==
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm Omniglot - Bengali Alphabet]
 
[[bg:&#1041;&#1077;&#1085;&#1075;&#1072;&#1083;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072; &#1072;&#1079;&#1073;&#1091;&#1082;&#1072;]]
[[de:Bengalische Schrift]]