Restr:Tupolev Tu-95MS (4321423677).jpg
Restr orin (1 024 × 747 piksel, ment ar restr : 244 Kio, seurt MIME : image/jpeg)
Tennet eo ar restr-mañ eus Wikimedia Commons ha gallout a ra bezañ implijet evit raktresoù all. Diskouezet eo deskrivadur he fajenn zeskrivañ amañ dindan. |
Diverradur
DeskrivadurTupolev Tu-95MS (4321423677).jpg |
The Tupolev Tu-95 (Russian: Туполев Ту–95) (NATO reporting name: Bear) is a large, four-engine turboprop powered strategic bomber and missile platform. First flown in 1952, the Tu-95 was put into service by the former Soviet Union in 1956 and is expected to serve the Russian Air Force until at least 2040.[1]. Commonly referred to even in Russia by its NATO designation, "Bear"[2], the aircraft has four Kuznetsov NK-12 engines, each driving contra-rotating propellers. It remains the fastest propeller-driven aircraft in history (a bigger, heavier, passenger version Tu-114 with de-rated engines, holds the FAI certified world speed record at 541.23 mph average speed on a 1000 km closed circuit carrying a load equivalent to only 200kg short of the weight of three Douglas DC-3's. Some experimental aircraft were designed for theoretically higher speeds, but none attained or registered them.) It also remains the only turboprop-powered strategic bomber in operational use. Its distinctively swept-back wings are at 35 degrees, a very sharp angle by the standards of propeller-driven aircraft, and justified by its operating speeds and altitudes. A naval development of the bomber is designated Tu-142. The design bureau led by Andrei Tupolev designed the Soviet Union's first intercontinental bomber, the 1949 Tu-85, a scaled up version of the Tu-4, a B-29 Superfortress copy. The Tu-4 was deemed to be inadequate against the new generation of American all-weather interceptors. A new requirement was issued to both Tupolev and Myasishchev design bureaus in 1950: the proposed bomber had to have an un-refueled range of 8000 km (4,970 mi) — far enough to threaten key targets in the United States. Other goals included the ability to carry an 11,000 kg (12 ton) load over the target. The big problem for Tupolev was the engine choice: the Tu-4 showed that piston engines were not powerful enough to fulfill that role, while the fuel-hungry AM-3 jet engines of the proposed T-4 intercontinental jet bomber did not provide adequate range.[3] Turboprops offered more power than piston engines and better range than jets, with a top speed in between. Tupolev's proposal was selected and Tu-95 development was officially approved by the government on 11 July, 1951. It featured four Kuznetsov, [4] coupled turboprops fitted with eight-bladed contra-rotating propellers, producing a nominal 8,948 kW (12,000 eshp) power rating. Unlike the advanced engine design, the fuselage was conventional: a high-wing cantilever monoplane with 35 degrees of sweep, an angle which ensured the main wing spar passed through the fuselage in front of the bomb bay. Retractable tricycle landing gear was fitted, with all three gear strut units retracting rearwards, with the main gear units retracting rearwards into extensions of the inner engine nacelles. The Tu-95/I, with 2TV-2F engines, first flew November 11, 1952 with test-pilot Alexey Perelet at the controls, but suffered a propeller gearbox failure and crashed.[5] The second aircraft, Tu-95/II featured four of the 12,000 ehp Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops which proved more reliable than the coupled 2TV-2F. After a successful flight testing phase, series production of the Tu-95 started in January 1956.[4] For a long time, the Tu-95 was known to U.S./NATO intelligence as the Tu-20. While this was the original Soviet Air Force designation for the aircraft, by the time it was being supplied to operational units it was already better known under the Tu-95 designation used internally by Tupolev, and the Tu-20 designation quickly fell out of use in the USSR. Since the Tu-20 designation was used on many documents acquired by U.S. intelligence agents, the name continued to be used outside the Soviet Union. Initially the United States Department of Defense did not take the Tu-95 seriously, as estimates showed it had a maximum speed of 644 km/h (400 mph) with a range of 12,500 km (7,800 mi).[6] These numbers had to be revised upward numerous times. Like its American counterpart, the B-52 Stratofortress, the Tu-95 has continued to operate in the Russian Air Force while several subsequent iterations of bomber design have come and gone. Part of the reason for this longevity was its suitability, like the B-52, for modification to different missions. Whereas the Tu-95 was originally intended to drop free-falling nuclear weapons, it was subsequently modified to perform a wide range of roles, such as the deployment of cruise missiles, maritime patrol (Tu-142), and even civilian airliner (Tu-114). An AWACS platform (Tu-126) was developed from the Tu-114. During and after the Cold War, the Tu-95's utility as a weapons platform has been eclipsed only by its usefulness as a diplomatic icon. Designed as a stopgap in case the Tu-114A was not finished on time, two Tu-95 bombers were fitted with passenger compartments. Both aircraft had the same layout: a 3-seat VIP section with office space, and the rest of the 70 m³ cabin configured as a normal airliner. Both planes were eventually used as crew ferries by the various Tu-95 squadrons. One of these machines is preserved at Ulyanovsk Central Airport. * Tu-95/1 - The first prototype powered by Kuznetsov 2TV-2F coupled turboprop engines, crashed on its first flight. * Tu-95/2 - The second prototype powered by Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops. * Tu-95/Tu-95M - Basic variant of the long-range strategic bomber and the only model of the aircraft never fitted with a nose refuelling probe. Known to NATO as the Bear-A. * Tu-95K - Experimental version for air-dropping a MiG-19 SM-20 jet aircraft. * Tu-95K22 - Conversions of the older Bear bombers, reconfigured to carry the Raduga Kh-22 missile and incorporating modern avionics. Known to NATO as the Bear-G. * Tu-95K/Tu-95KD - Designed to carry the Raduga Kh-20 air-to-surface missile. The Tu-95KD aircraft were the first to be outfitted with nose probes. Known to NATO as the Bear-B. * Tu-95KM - Modified and upgraded versions of the Tu-95K, most notable for their enhanced reconnaissance systems. These were in turn converted into the Bear G configuration. Known to NATO as the Bear-C. * Tu-95M-55 - Missile carrier. * Tu-95MR - Bear A modified for photo-reconnaissance and produced for Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-E. * Tu-95MS/Tu-95MS6/Tu-95MS16 - Completely new cruise missile carrier platform based on the Tu-142 airframe. This variant became the launch platform of the Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile. Known to NATO as the Bear-H and was referred to by the U.S. military as a Tu-142 for some time in the 1980s before its true designation became known. * Tu-95N - Experimental version for air-dropping an RS ramjet powered aircraft. * Tu-95RTs - Razvedchik Tseleukazatel - Variant of the basic Bear A configuration, redesigned for maritime reconnaissance and targeting as well as electronic intelligence for service in the Soviet Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-D. * Tu-95U Uchebnyy - Trainer - Training variant, modified from surviving Bear A's but now all have been retired. Known to NATO as the Bear-T. * Tu-96 - long-range intercontinental high-altitude strategic bomber prototype, a high-altitude version of the Tupolev Tu-95 aircraft with high-altitude augmented turboprop TV-16 engines and with a new,enlarged area wing. Plant tests of the aircraft were performed with non-high altitude TV-12 engines in 1955–1956.[12] * Tu-114 - Airliner derivative of Tu-95. * Tu-116 - Tu-95 fitted with passenger cabins as a stop-gap while the Tu-114 was being developed. Only two converted.[13] * Tu-95LaL (Tu-119) - Experimental nuclear-powered aircraft project. * Tu-126 - AEW&C derivative of Tu-114, itself derived from the Tu-95. * Tu-142 - Maritime reconnaissance/anti-submarine warfare derivative of Tu-95. Several other modification of the basic Tu-95/Tu-142 airframe have existed, but these were largely unrecognized by Western intelligence or else never reached operational status within the Soviet military. One of these modified Bears, known as the Tu-95V, was used to drop the Tsar Bomba. General characteristics * Crew: 10[15] * Length: 46.2 m [15] (151 ft 6 in [15]) * Wingspan: 50.10 m[15] (164 ft 5 in[15]) * Height: 12.12 m (39 ft 9 in) * Wing area: 310 m² (3,330 ft²) * Empty weight: 90,000 kg (198,000 lb) * Loaded weight: 171,000 kg (376,200 lb) * Max takeoff weight: 188,000 kg (414,500 lb) * Powerplant: 4× Kuznetsov NK-12M turboprops, 11,000 kW (14,800 shp)[16] each Performance * Maximum speed: 920 km/h (510 knots, 575 mph) * Range: 15,000 km (8,100 nmi, 9,400 mi) unrefueled * Service ceiling: 13,716 m (45,000 ft) * Rate of climb: 10 m/s (2,000 ft/min) * Wing loading: 606 kg/m² (124 lb/ft²) * Power/mass: 235 W/kg (0.143 hp/lb) Armament * Radar-controlled Guns: 1 or 2 × 23 mm AM-23 autocannon in tail turret.* Missiles: Up to 15,000 kg (33,000 lb), including the Raduga Kh-20, Kh-22, Kh-26, and Kh-55 air-to-surface missiles. |
Deiziad | Taken on 21 Eost 2009, 11:32 |
Mammenn | Tupolev Tu-95MS |
Aozer | Dmitry Terekhov from Odintsovo, Russian Federation |
Aotre-implijout
- Gallout a rit :
- eskemm – eilañ, skignañ ha treuzkas an oberenn-mañ
- kemmañ – azasaat an oberenn-mañ
- diouzh ma heuilhit kement-mañ :
- deroadenn – Rankout a rit reiñ an titouroù perc'henniezh rekis diwar-benn an aozer, pourchas ul liamm war-zu an aotre-implijout ha merkañ hag-eñ ez eus bet graet kemmoù. Gallout a rit en ober en un doare reizh met hep lakaat da grediñ ez oc'h bet aprouet gantañ pe ez eo aprouet gantañ implij an oberenn-mañ.
- eskemmañ rik-ha-rik – Ma tegasit kemmoù, ma treuzfurmit pe ma savit un dra bennak diwar an oberenn-mañ e rankit skignañ an oberenn krouet ganeoc'h dindan an hevelep aotre-implijout pe un aotre-implijout kar-tost d'an hini orin.
This image was originally posted to Flickr by Dmitry Terekhov at https://www.flickr.com/photos/44400809@N07/4321423677. It was reviewed on 23 Kerzu 2014 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
23 Kerzu 2014
Items portrayed in this file
diskouez a ra
some value
21 Eos 2009
captured with saozneg
Olympus SP-560UZ saozneg
Istor ar restr
Klikañ war un deiziad/eur da welet ar restr evel ma oa da neuze.
Deiziad/Eur | Munud | Mentoù | Implijer | Notenn | |
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red | 23 Kzu 2014 da 17:42 | 1 024 × 747 (244 Kio) | Figugegl | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
Implij ar restr
Implijout a ra ar bajenn da heul ar restr-mañ :
Implij hollek ar restr
Ober a ra ar wikioù da-heul gant ar restr-mañ :
- Implij war de.wikipedia.org
Metaroadennoù
Titouroù ouzhpenn zo er restr-mañ; bet lakaet moarvat gant ar c'hamera niverel pe ar skanner implijet evit he niverelaat. Mard eo bet cheñchet ar skeudenn e-keñver he stad orin marteze ne vo ket kenkoulz munudoù zo e-keñver ar skeudenn kemmet.
Titl ar skeudenn |
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Oberier ar benveg | OLYMPUS IMAGING CORP. |
Doare ar benveg | SP560UZ |
Amzer louc'hañ | 1/200 eilenn (0,005) |
Hed etre sti | f/5,6 |
Kizidigezh ISO | 50 |
Deiziad hag eur ar sevel roadoù | 21 Eos 2009 da 11:32 |
Hirder ar fokalenn | 4,68 mm |
Tuadur | Boutin |
Pizhder led ar skeudenn | 72 dpi |
Pizhder hed ar skeudenn | 72 dpi |
Meziant bet implijet | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Windows |
Deiziad hag eur kemm restr | 22 Eos 2009 da 14:30 |
Lec'hiadur Y ha C | Ken-lec'hiet |
Programm louc'hañ | Programm krouiñ (tuadur e-keñver donder ar maez) |
Stumm exif | 2.21 |
Deiziad hag eur an niverelaat | 21 Eos 2009 da 11:32 |
Talvoudegezh pep parzh |
|
Doare gwaskañ ar skeudenn | 2 |
Reizhadenn louc'hañ | 0 |
Maezienn digeriñ vrasañ | 2,97 APEX (f/2,8) |
Doare muzuliañ | Patrom |
Mammenn c'houloù | Dianav |
Luc'h | Tamm luc'h ebet, tennañ an taol luc'h dre ret |
Skoret ganti stumm Flashpix | 1 |
Lec'h al livioù | sRGB |
Tarzh ar restr | Luc'hskeudennerez niverel |
Seurt arvest | Lun luc'hskeudennet war-eeun |
Plediñ gant ar skeudennoù personelaet | Plediñ boutin |
Mod louc'hañ | Emlouc'hañ |
Mentel ar gwennoù | Mentel ar gwennoù emgefre |
Feur brasaat niverel (zoum) | 0 |
Doare pakañ an arvest | Standard |
Reizhañ ar sklêrder | Hini ebet |
Dargemm | Boutin |
Saturadur | Boutin |
Spisder | Boutin |
Skoret ganti stumm Flashpix | 1 |
Ledander ar skeudenn | 1 024 px |
Sav ar skeudenn | 747 px |
Deiziad ma voe kemmet ar metaroadennoù da ziwezhañ | 22 Eos 2009 da 18:30 |
Stumm IIM | 2 |