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[[File:HippocraticOath.jpg|thumb|upright|Un dornskrid [[Impalaeriezh Bizantion|bizantat]] eus le Hippokrates eus an XII{{vet}} kantved, skrivet e stumm ur groaz kristen.]]
Al [[le]] hengounel graet gant ar vedisined a-raok pleustriñ gant o micher eo ''' Le [[Hippokrates]]''' e broioù ar c'hornaoueg. Kredet e vez peurvuiañ eo bet skrivet gant [[Hippokrates]] hag a vez lakaet alies da dad [[medisinerezh]] ar c'hornaoueg. Skrivet eo bet al le e gresianek ionik, en hanterenn diwezhañ ar Vvet kantvet a-raok JK.
Al le hengounel touet gant ar vedisined a-raok pleustriñ gant o micher eo ''' Le Hippokrates''' e broioù ar c'hornaoueg. Kredet e vez peurvuiañ e oa skrivet gant [[Hippokrates]], lakaet alies da dad [[medisinerezh]] ar c'hornaoueg, pe gant unan eus e ziskibled<ref>{{cite book|last=Farnell|first=Lewis R.|title=Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|date=2004-06-30|pages=234–279|chapter=Chapter 10|isbn=978-1417921348}} p.269: ''"The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school."''</ref>.
Skrivet eo bet al le e [[henc'hresianeg|gresianeg]] [[ionia|ionik]], en hanterenn ziwezhañ ar V{{vet}} kantvet a-raok JK<ref>''The Hippocratic oath: text, translation and interpretation'' gant Ludwig Edelstein Pajenn 56 ISBN 978-0-8018-0184-6 (1943)</ref> ha peurliesañ e vez lakaet e Corpus Hippokrates. Ludwig Edelstein en deus kinnniget ar vartezeadenn e vije bet skrivet al le gant [[pitagoras|Pitagoregourien]], n'eus prouenn ebet avat e vije bet ur skol mezegiezh pitagorek<ref>{{cite book|last=Temkin|first=Owsei|title="On Second Thought" and Other Essays in the History of Medicine and Science|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|date=2001-12-06|chapter=On Second Thought|isbn=978-0801867743}}</ref>. Al en deus un dalvoudegezh istorel hag hengounel ha sellet e vez outañ evel ul lid tremen evit ar vezeien en ur bern broioù, daoust ma c'hell bezañ kemmoù etre stummoù modern an destenn diouzh ar Stadoù.
AlLe leHippokrates muiañ(''orkos'') brudetzo unan eus eus an destennoù-mezegtestennoù mezegiezh gresian eoar muiañ brudet.
Goulenn a ra ouzhdigant ar vedisined nevez touiñ war anv douedun pareourien zoniver haa doujañzoueed are toujint ouzh reolennoù-micher etikel zo.
Gant an amzer o tremen e oa adskrivet alies abalamour da glotañ gant talvoudegezhioù sevenadurezhioù disheñvel a oa levezonet gant mezegiezh [[Henc'hres]].
==Testenn al le ==
== Testenn=An destenn glasel === ▼{{wikimammenn|el|Ιπποκράτειος_όρκος|Ἱπποκράτειος ὅρκος}}
Gwir destenn al le troet e brezhoneg zo da-heul<ref>Diwar testenn saoznek [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html The Hippocratic Oath], troet gant Michael North, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Healt</ref> :
Touiñ a ran, dre [[ ApolloApollon]] ar pareour, [[Asklepios]], [[ HigieiaHigeia]] ha [[Panakea]] ha kemer a ran evelda testoùdest an holl Douedzoueed, haan holl Doueezedzoueezed e toujin d'al le -mañ ha d'an emglev -mañ aamañ heuilda-heul tra ma vo yac'hhervez ma gouestoni ha ma skiant barn. ▼'''Gwir destenn al le'''
da gemersellet nesevel din,ma evelran ouzh ma zud kar,ouzh an hini en deus desket din an arzharz-mañ din; da vevañ a-gevret gantañ ha ma'z eo ret da lodenniñ ma madoù gantañ; da dremensellet ouzh e vugale evel ma breudeur din-me, da gelenn an arz-mañ dezho. ▼
Gourc'hemenn a rin louzaouerezh pe reol evit mad ma c'hlañvourion hervez ma gouestoni ha ma barnskiant ha biken ne rin droukdroug d'unan bennak. ▼▲Touiñ a ran, dre [[Apollo]] ar pareour, [[Asklepios]], [[Higieia]] ha [[Panakea]] ha kemer a ran evel testoù an holl Doued ha Doueezed e toujin al le-mañ an emglev-mañ a heuil tra ma vo yac'h ma gouestoni ha ma barn.
Ne roin ket un dramm marvel d'unan bennak ma vez goulennet ganin ha ne guzuliinguzuilhin ket un hevelep raktres. Evel-henEr memes doare ne roin ket urul pessuslouzoù d'ur plac'h a-benn bezañlakaat kaozanezhi eus unda diforcziforc' hidigezhhañ met gwarezañgwareziñ a rin glanded ma buhez ha ma arzharz. ▼▲da gemer nes din, evel kar, an hini en deus desket an arzh-mañ din; da vevañ a-gevret gantañ ha ma'z eo ret lodenniñ ma madoù gantañ; da dremen e vugale evel ma breudeur din-me, da gelenn an arz-mañ dezho.
Ne droc'hinoberatain ket evit lemel ar maenioùgrouanennoù zoken evit klañvourion a vez gwelet mat intemaint klañv eusgant ar c' hlañvedhleñved-mañ. LaoskelLeuskel a rin an oberadennoberatadenn-mañ da vezañ graet gant tud a-vicher spezializetarbennikaet gantwar an arzharz-mañ. ▼▲Gourc'hemenn a rin louzaouerezh evit mad ma c'hlañvourion hervez ma gouestoni ha ma barn ha biken ne rin drouk d'unan bennak.
E kement ti ma'z in ennañ ne rin antrein nemet evit mad ma c'hlañvourion, ohag tifenne mattalc'hin ac'hanon dapell sonjaldiouzh dakement lakaatdrougober klañvsevenet unana-ratozh bennakpe haeus da gouezhañ enpep lorberezh hag ent-ispisial eeus plijadurezhioù hiniar karantezgarantez gant merc'hed pe paotred, dezho da vezañ frank pe sklav. ▼▲Ne roin ket un dramm marvel d'unan bennak ma vez goulennet ha ne guzuliin ket un hevelep raktres. Evel-hen ne roin ket ur pessus d'ur plac'h a-benn bezañ kaoz eus un diforc'hidigezh met gwarezañ a rin glanded ma buhez ha ma arzh.
Kement tra a zeuy em anaouedegezh pa vin o labourat em arzhpearz bemdezpe gantem darempredoù pemdez gant [[Mab-Den]]an nedud, voha na zlefe ket streviet.bezañ Miretrannet vogant aran segredholl, ganina virin kuzh ha nen'e lavarinziskuilhin ket tramorse. ▼▲Ne droc'hin ket evit ar maenioù zoken evit klañvourion vez gwelet mat int klañv eus ar c'hlañved-mañ. Laoskel a rin an oberadenn-mañ da vezañ graet gant tud a-vicher spezializet gant an arzh-mañ.
Ma talc'han gant fealded da'm le, ra vin em bleud e-doug ma buhez ha ra bleustrin ma arz, doujet gant holl an dud hag en holl amzerioù ; ma'z an diwar an arroudenn avat pe ma torran anezhañ, ra vo ar c'hontrol a vo ma lod.
▲E kement ti ma'z in ennañ ne rin nemet evit mad ma c'hlañvourion, o tifenn mat ac'hanon da sonjal da lakaat klañv unan bennak ha da gouezhañ en lorberezh hag ent-ispisial e hini karantez gant merc'hed pe paotred, dezho da vezañ frank pe sklav.
▲Kement tra a zeuy em anaouedegezh pa vin o labourat em arzhpe bemdez gant darempredoù gant [[Mab-Den]] ne vo ket streviet. Miret vo ar segred ganin ha ne lavarin tra.
All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.
If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.
”
== Testenn=An destenn vodern === ▼Classic translation into English:[5]
“ I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:
To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art–if they desire to learn it–without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else.
I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.
I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.
I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.
Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.
What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about.
If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honoured with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.
”
In the 1870s, many American medical schools chose to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically and medically correct, or an alternate pledge like the Oath of Maimonides.
The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[6] and Good Medical Practice[7] statements.
[edit]Modern version
A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned in 1964 by Dr. Louis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University:[8]
“ I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given to me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
”
The original text of the Hippocratic Oath is usually interpreted as one of the first statements of a moral of conduct to be used by physicians, assuming the respect for all human life. Christian tradition usually interprets the original Hippocratic Oath as a condemnation of abortion. The support for this interpretation is founded upon the phrase,"...ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ γυναικὶ πεσσὸν φθόριον δώσω", [9] in the original text of the Hippocratic Oath. An English translation reads, "similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion."[10] The historical context of reference to abortion in the Hippocratic Oath is open for different interpretations. Howard Herrell states that
“ Other parts of the Corpus Hippocratum discuss abortion techniques. But what does this prove? As many have pointed out, virtually every principle expounded in the Oath is elsewhere contradicted in the Corpus Hippocratum. Might there be a reason that the techniques of abortion are delineated, yet abortion is prohibited? Pliny the Elder's Natural History from the 1st century BC lists several compounds and methods known to cause abortion (Nardi, 1971). But Pliny was clearly opposed to abortion. He characterizes abortions as scelera or crimes (XXVIII, 7) and says that it makes humans worse than beasts (X, 63). When he discusses raven's eggs in XXX, 14, he clearly demonstrates that his purpose in discussing their abortifacient ability is to warn pregnant women to avoid them. So it is conceivable that the descriptions of abortion methods in the Corpus Hippocratum were provided for the sake of knowledge, more than for the sake of describing a potential procedure. Thus, the presence of information on abortions in the Corpus Hippocratum does not in and of itself contradict the Oath [11] ”
According to Margaret Mead:
“ For the first time in our tradition there was a complete separation between killing and curing. Throughout the primitive world, the doctor and the sorcerer tended to be the same person. He with the power to kill had power to cure, including specially the undoing of his own killing activities. He who had the power to cure would necessarily also be able to kill... With the Greeks the distinction was made clear. One profession, the followers of Asclepius, were to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances, regardless of rank, age or intellect – the life of a slave, the life of the Emperor, the life of a foreign man, the life of a defective child...[12] ”
Engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[13]
Derivations of the oath have been modified over the years in various countries. In the USA, most medical schools administer some form of oath. It has been suggested that a similar oath should be undertaken by scientists, a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.
==Liammoù diavaez==
*{{pt}} [http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Juramento_de_Hip%C3%B3crates Ar skrid portugalek]
== Notennoù ==
<references/>
[[Rummad:Medisinerezh]]
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